Periodic Structures Image Parameter Method Insertion Loss Method Filter Transformation

EE 41139 Microwave Technique 1
Lecture 8
Periodic Structures

Image Parameter Method

Insertion Loss Method

Filter Transformation
Periodic Structures

periodic structures have passband and
stopband characteristics and can be
employed as filters
Periodic Structures
consider a microstrip transmission line
periodically loaded with a shunt
susceptance b normalized to the
characteristic impedance Z
o
:

jb
d
In In+1
Vn Vn+1
+
Zo=1
unit cell
Periodic Structures

the ABCD matrix is composed by
cascading three matrices, two for the
transmission lines of length d/2 each and
one for the shunt susceptance,
V
I
A B
C D
V
I
n
n
n
n
(
=

(
+
+
1
1
Periodic Structures
i.e.
A B
C D
j
j
jb
j
j
A B
C D
b
j
b b
j
b b b
(
=

(
(
(
(
(
(
(
=
+
+ +
(
(
(
cos sin
sin cos
cos sin
sin cos
cos sin (sin cos )
(sin cos ) cos sin
u u
u u
u u
u u
u
u
u u
u u u
u
2 2
2 2
1 0
1
2 2
2 2
2 2 2 2
2 2 2 2
Periodic Structures
u = kd, and k is the propagation constant
of the unloaded line
AD-BC = 1 for reciprocal networks
assuming the the propagation constant of
the loaded line is denoted by , then
V z
I z
V
I
e
z
( )
( )
( )
( )
(
=

(

0
0

Periodic Structures
therefore,

or
V
I
A B
C D
V
I
V e
I e
n
n
n
n
n
d
n
d
(
=

(
=

(
(
+
+
+

+

1
1
1
1
A e B
C D e
V
I
d
d
n
n
(
(
(
=
+
+
1
1
0
Periodic Structures
for a nontrivial solution, the determinant
of the matrix must vanish leading to

recall that AD-CB = 0 for a reciprocal
network, then
Or
AD e A D e CB
d d
+ + =
2
0

( )
1 0
2
+ + =

e A D e
d d
( )
cosh cos sin u u d
A D b
=
+
=
2 2
Periodic Structures
Knowing that, the above
equation can be written as

since the right-hand side is always real,
therefore, either o or | is zero, but not
both
o | = + j
cosh cosh cos sinh sin cos sin o | o | u u d d d j d d
b
= + =
2
cosh cosh cos sinh sin cos sin o | o | u u d d d j d d
b
= + =
2
Periodic Structures
if o=0, we have a passband, | can be
obtained from the solution to

if the the magnitude of the rhs is less than
1
cos cos sin | u u d
b
=
2
Periodic Structures
if |=0, we have a stopband, o can be
obtained from the solution to

as cosh function is always larger than 1, o
is positive for forward going wave and is
negative for the backward going wave
cosh | cos sin | o u u d
b
= >
2
1
Periodic Structures

therefore, depending on the frequency, the
periodic structure will exhibit either a
passband or a stopband
Periodic Structures
the characteristic impedance of the load
line is given by

, + for forward wave and - for backward
wavehere the unit cell is symmetric so that
A = D
Z
B
is real for the passband and imaginary
for the stopband
Z Z
V
I
BZ
A
B o
n
n
o
= =

+
+
1
1
2
1
Periodic Structures
when the periodic structure is terminated
with a load Z
L
, the reflection coefficient
at the load can be determined easily
Z
L
unit
cell
unit
cell
I
N
V
N
+
Periodic Structures

Which is the usual result
V V V Z I Z
V
Z
V
Z
Z
Z
V V
N N N L N L
N
B
N
B
L
B
N N
= + = = +
|
\
|
.
|
|
=
+
+
+

+
I = =

+
+
V
V
Z Z
Z Z
N
N
L B
L B
Periodic Structures
it is useful to look at the k-| diagram
(Brillouin) of the periodic structure
|
k
|
k
=
cut
off
propagation
v
p
v
g
c
c
Periodic Structures
in the region where | < k, it is a slow
wave structure, the phase velocity is slow
down in certain device so that microwave
signal can interacts with electron beam
more efficiently

when | = k, we have a TEM line
Filter Design by the Image
Parameter Method
let us first define image impedance by
considering the following two-port
network
A B
C D Zi1
Zi2
V1
1
V2
+
+
I1
I2
Zin1 Zin2
Parameter Method
if Port 2 is terminated with Zi2, the input
impedance at Port 1 is Zi1

if Port 1 is terminated with Zi1, the input
impedance at Port 2 is Zi2

both ports are terminated with matched
loads

Parameter Method
at Port 1, the port voltage and current
are related as

the input impedance at Port 1, with Port
2 terminated in , is
V AV BI I CV DI
1 2 2 1 2 2
= + = + ,
Z
V
I
AV BI
CV DI
AZ B
CZ D
in
i
i
1
1
1
2 2
2 2
2
2
= =
+
+
=
+
+
Parameter Method
similarly, at Port 2, we have

these are obtained by taking the inverse of
the ABCD matrix knowing that AB-CD=1
the input impedance at Port 2, with Port 1
terminated in , is

V DV BI I CV AI
2 1 1 2 1 1
= = + ,
Z
V
I
DV BI
CV AI
DZ B
CZ A
in
i
i
2
2
2
1 1
1 1
1
1
=

=

+
=
+
+
Parameter Method
Given and , we have

, ,
if the network is symmetric, i.e., A = D,
then

Z Z
in i 1 1
=
Z Z
in i 2 2
=
Z CZ D AZ B Z CZ A DZ B
i i i i i 1 2 2 2 1 1
( ) , ( ) + = + + = +
Z
AB
CD
i1
= Z
BD
AC
i2
=
Z
DZ
A
i
i
2
1
=
Z Z
i i 1 2
=
Parameter Method
if the two-port network is driven by a
voltage source
A B
C D
Zi1
Zi2
V1
1
V2
+
+
I1
I2
Zin1 Zin2
2V1
Parameter Method
Similarly we have, ,
A = D for symmetric network

Define ,
I
I
A
D
AD BC
2
1
=
e AD BC
e AD BC AD BC AD BC AD BC
= = = + 1/ ( ) ( ) / ( )
e AD BC AD BC AD BC AD BC
= = = + 1/ ( ) ( ) / ( )
cosh = AD
Parameter Method
consider the low-pass filter
L/2 L/2
C
Z1/2 Z1/2
Z2
Parameter Method
the series inductors and shunt capacitor
will block high-frequency signals

a high-pass filter can be obtained by
replacing L/2 by 2C and C by L in T-
network
Parameter Method
the ABCD matrix is given by

Image impedance
A Z Z B Z Z Z C Z D Z Z = + = + = = + 1 2 4 1 1 2
1 2 1 1
2
2 2 1 2
/ , / , / , /
A Z Z B Z Z Z C Z D Z Z = + = + = = + 1 2 4 1 1 2
1 2 1 1
2
2 2 1 2
/ , / , / , /
Z AB CD Z Z Z Z
iT
= = + / /
1 2 1 2
1 4
Parameter Method
Propagation constant

For the above T-network,
e Z Z Z Z Z Z
= + + + 1 2 4
1 2 1 2 1
2
2
2
/ ( / ) ( / )
Z j L Z j C
1 2
1 = = e e , /
Z
L
C
LC
iT
= 1
4
2
e
Parameter Method
Define a cutoff frequency as,

a nominal characteristic impedance R
o

, k is a constant
e
c
LC
=
2
R
L
C
k
o
= =
Parameter Method
the image impedance is then written as

the propagation factor is given as
Z R
iT o
c
= 1
2
2
e
e
e
c
c
c
e
e
e
e
e
e
= + 1
2 2
1
2
2
2
2
Parameter Method

For , is real and
which imply a passband

For , is imaginary and we
have a stopband
e e <
c
Z
iT
| | e
= 1
e e >
c
Z
iT
Parameter Method
this is a constant-k low pass filter, there
are two parameters to choose (L and C)
which are determined by e
c
and R
o

when , the attenuation is slow,
furthermore, the image impedance is not
a constant when frequency changes
Parameter Method

the m-derived filter section is designed to
alleviate these difficulties

let us replace the impedances Z
1
with
Z mZ
1 1
'
=
Parameter Method
we choose Z
2
so that Z
iT
remains the
same

therefore, Z
2
is given by
Z Z Z
Z
Z Z
Z
mZ Z
m Z
iT
= + = + = +
1 2
1
2
1 2
1
2
1
2
2
1
2
4 4 4
' '
'
'
Z
Z Z m Z
mZ
Z
m
m
m
Z
2
1 2
2
1
2
1
2
2
1
1 4 1
4
'
( ) /
=
+
= +

Parameter Method
recall that Z
1
= jeL and Z
2
= 1/jeC, the
m-derived components are
Z j Lm Z
j Cm
m
m
j L
1 2
2
1 1
4
' '
, = = +

e
e
e
Z
Z
j Lm
j Cm m j L m
m LC
m LC
1
2
2
2 2
2 2
1 1 4 1 1 4
'
'
/ ( ) / ( ) /
=
+
=

e
e e
e
e
Z
Z
m
m
LC
c
c
c
1
2
2
2 2
2
1 1
2
'
'
( / )
( )( / )
, / =

=
e e
e e
e
Parameter Method

the propagation factor for the m-derived
section is

1
4
4 4 1 2
4 4 1
1
1 1
1
2
2 2 2
2 2
2
2 2
+ =

=

Z
Z
m m
m m
c c
c
c
c
'
'
( )( / ) ( / )
( )( / )
( / )
( )( / )
e e e e
e e
e e
e e
e
Z
Z
Z
Z
Z
Z
= + + + 1
2
1
4
1
2
1
2
1
2
'
'
'
'
'
'
( )
1
4
4 4 1 2
4 4 1
1
1 1
1
2
2 2 2
2 2
2
2 2
+ =

=

Z
Z
m m
m m
c c
c
c
c
'
'
( )( / ) ( / )
( )( / )
( / )
( )( / )
e e e e
e e
e e
e e
Parameter Method
if we restrict 0 < m < 1, is real and
>1 , for e > the stopband
begins at e = as for the constant-k
section
When e = , where
e becomes infinity and the filter has an
infinite attenuation
e
| | e
e
c
e
c
e e
=
c
m / 1
2
e

Parameter Method
when e > , the attenuation will be
reduced; in order to have an infinite
attenuation when , we can
cascade a the m-derived section with a
constant-k section to give the following
response
e
e
Parameter Method

the image impedance method cannot
incorporate arbitrary frequency
response; filter design by the insertion
loss method allows a high degree of
control over the passband and stopband
amplitude and phase characteristics
Filter Design by the Insertion
Loss Method
if a minimum insertion loss is most
important, a binomial response can be
used
if a sharp cutoff is needed, a Chebyshev
response is better
in the insertion loss method a filter
response is defined by its insertion loss or
power loss ratio
Loss Method

, IL = 10 log

, , M and N are
real polynomials

P
P
P
LR
inc
Load
= =
1
1
2
| ( | I e
P
LR
| ( )|
( )
( ) ( )
I e
e
e e
2
2
2 2
=
+
M
M N
P
M
N
LR
= + 1
2
2
( )
( )
e
e
Loss Method
for a filter to be physically realizable, its
power loss ratio must be of the form shown
above
maximally flat (binomial or Butterworth
response) provides the flattest possible
passband response for a given filter order N
P k
LR
c
N
== + 1
2 2
( )
e
e
Loss Method
The passband goes from to
, beyond , the
attenuation increases with frequency

the first (2N-1) derivatives are zero and
for , the insertion loss
increases at a rate of 20N dB/decade
0
e e =
c
e e =
c
e e >>
c
Loss Method

equal ripple can be achieved by using a
Chebyshev polynomial to specify the
insertion loss of an N-order low-pass
filter as
P k T
LR N
c
= +
|
\
|
.
|
1
2 2
e
e
Loss Method
a sharper cutoff will result; (x)
oscillates between -1 and 1 for |x| < 1, the
passband response will have a ripple of
1+ in the amplitude
For large x, and
therefore
for
T
N
k
2
T x x
N
N
( ) ( ) / ~ 2 2
P
k
LR c
N
~
2
2
4
2 ( / ) e e
e e >>
c
Loss Method
therefore, the insertion loss of the
Chebyshev case is times of the
binomial response for

linear phase response is sometime
necessary to avoid signal distortion, there
is usually a tradeoff between the sharp-
cutoff response and linear phase response
( ) / 2 4
2N
e e >>
c
Loss Method

a linear phase characteristic can be
achieved with the phase response

| e e
e
e
( ) = +
|
\
|
.
|
(
(
A p
c
N
1
2
Loss Method
a group delay is given by

this is also a maximally flat function,
therefore, signal distortion is reduced in
the passband
t
|
e
e
e
d
c
N
d
d
A p N = = + +
|
\
|
.
|
(
(
1 2 1
2
( )
Loss Method
it is convenient to design the filter
prototypes which are normalized in
terms of impedance and frequency
the designed prototypes will be scaled in
frequency and impedance
lumped-elements will be replaced by
distributive elements for microwave
frequency operations
Loss Method
consider the low-pass filter prototype,
N=2
R
C
L
1
Zin
Loss Method
assume a source impedance of 1 O and a
cutoff frequency

the input impedance is given by
e
c
= 1
P
LR
= + 1
4
e
Z j L
R
j RC
j L
R j RC
R C
in
= +
+
= +

+
e
e
e
e
e
1
1
1
2 2 2
( )
Loss Method
the reflection coefficient at the source
impedance is given by

the power loss ratio is given by
I =

+
Z
Z
in
in
1
1
P
R
R R C L LCR L C R
LR
=
= + + + +
1
1
1
1
4
1 2
2
2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 4
| |
( ) ( )
I
e e
P
R
R R C L LCR L C R
LR
=
= + + + +
1
1
1
1
4
1 2
2
2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 4
| |
( ) ( )
I
e e
Loss Method
compare this equation with the
maximally flat equation, we have
R=1,
which implies C = L as R = 1
which implies C = L =
( ) RC L =
2
0
( ) / LC
2
4 1 =
2
Loss Method
for equal-ripple prototype, we have the
power loss ratio
Since
Compare this with

P k T
LR
= + 1
2
2
2
( ) e
T x x P k
LR 2
2 2 4 2
2 1 1 4 4 1 ( ) , ( ) = = + + e e
P
R
R R C L LCR L C R
LR
= + + + + 1
1
4
1 2
2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 4
( ) ( )e e
P
R
R R C L LCR L C R
LR
= + + + + 1
1
4
1 2
2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 4
( ) ( )e e
Loss Method
we have or

note that R is not unity, a mismatch will result
if the load is R=1; a quarter-wave transformer
can be used to match the load
k R R
2 2
1 4 = ( ) / ( )
R k k k = + + 1 2 2 1
2 2
= + 4 2 4
2 2 2 2 2
k R C L LCR R ( ) /
4 4
2 2 2 2
k L C R R = /
Loss Method
if N is odd, R = 1 as there is a unity power loss
ratio at e = 0 of N being odd
Table 9.4 can be used for equal-ripple low-pass
filter prototypes
Table 9.5 can be used for maximally flat time
delay low-pass filter prototypes
after the filter prototypes have been designed,
we need to perform impedance and frequency
scaling
Filter Transformations

impedance and frequency scaling

the source impedance is , the impedance
scaled quantities are:

L' R L C C R R R R R R
o o s o L o L
= = = = , ' / , ,
' '
both impedance and frequency scaling

low-pass to high-pass transformation
,
L R L C C R
k o k c k k o c
' '
/ , / ( ) = = e e
e
e
e

c
C L L R C
k c k k o c k
' '
/ , / = = 1 e e
Bandpass transmission

As a series indicator , is transformed
into a series LC with element values

A shunt capacitor, , is transformed into a
shunt LC with element values

e
e
e
e
e
e e
e
e e e
|
\
|
.
|
=

=
1
2 1
1 2
A
A
o
o
o
o
, ,
L
k
L L C L
k k o k k o
' '
/ , / ( ) = = Ae A e
C
k
L C C C
k k o k k o
' '
/ , / ( ) = = A Ae e
bandstop transformation

A series indicator, , is transformed
into a parallel LC with element values

A shunt capacitor, , is transformed
into a series LC with element values
e
e
e
e
e
e e
e
e e e
|
\
|
.
|
=

=
A A
o
o
o
o
1
2 1
1 2
, ,
L
k
L L C L
k k o k k o
' '
/ , / ( ) = = A A e e 1
C
k
L C C C
k k o k k o
' '
/ , / = = 1 Ae A e
Filter Implementation
we need to replace lumped-elements by
distributive elements:

L
jX
L
SC
/8 at e
c
Zo = L
C
jB
c
OC
/8 at e
c
Zo = 1/C
there are four Kuroda identities to
perform any of the following operations:
physically separate transmission line stubs
transform series stubs into shunt stubs, or
vice versa
change impractical characteristic
impedances into more realizable ones

let us concentrate on the first two
a shunt capacitor can be converted to a
series inductor

Yo
Y1
Yo+Y1
Yo(1+Yo/Y1)
Zo(1+Zo/Z1)
Zo
Z1
Zo+Z1

Periodic Structures Image Parameter Method Insertion Loss Method Filter Transformation

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