Digestive System Anatomy

Digestive tract

Alimentary tract or canal GI tract Primarily glands Mouth or oral cavity Pharynx Esophagus Stomach Small intestine Large intestine Anus

Accessory organs

Regions

Digestive Tract Histology

Peritoneum and Mesenteries

Peritoneum

Visceral: Covers organs Parietal: Covers interior surface of body wall Retroperitoneal: Behind peritoneum as kidneys, pancreas, duodenum Routes which vessels and nerves pass from body wall to organs Greater omentum Lesser omentum

Mesenteries

The Organs and Positions in the Abdominal Cavity

Oral Cavity

Mouth or oral cavity

Vestibule: Space between lips or cheeks and alveolar processes Oral cavity proper

Lips (labia) and cheeks Palate: Oral cavity roof

Hard and soft

Palatine tonsils Tongue: Involved in speech, taste, mastication, swallowing

Teeth

Two sets

Primary, deciduous, milk: Childhood Permanent or secondary: Adult (32) Incisors, canine, premolar and molars

Types

Tooth structure:

Salivary Glands

Produce saliva

Prevents bacterial infection Lubrication Contains salivary amylase

Breaks down starch

Three pairs

Parotid: Largest Submandibular Sublingual: Smallest

Dorsal Surface of the Tongue

The Major Salivary Glands

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Pharynx and Esophagus

Esophagus

Pharynx

Nasopharynx Oropharynx: Transmits food normally Laryngopharynx: Transmits food normally

Transports food from pharynx to stomach Passes through esophageal hiatus (opening) of diaphragm and ends at stomach

Hiatal hernia Upper Lower

Sphincters

Functions

Ingestion: Introduction of food into stomach Mastication: Chewing Propulsion

Deglutition: Swallowing Peristalsis: Moves material through digestive tract

Stomach Anatomy:

Openings

Gastroesophageal: To esophagus Pyloric: To duodenum Cardiac Fundus Body Pyloric

Regions

Stomach Histology:

Layers

Serosa or visceral peritoneum: Outermost Muscularis: Three layers

Outer longitudinal Middle circular Inner oblique

Submucosa Mucosa

Stomach Histology

Rugae: Folds in stomach when empty Gastric pits: Openings for gastric glands

Contain cells

Surface mucous: Mucus Mucous neck: Mucus Parietal: Hydrochloric acid and intrinsic factor Chief: Pepsinogen Endocrine: Regulatory hormones

Movements in Stomach

Small Intestine

Site of greatest amount of digestion and absorption Divisions

Duodenum Jejunum Ileum: Peyers patches or lymph nodules Circular folds or plicae circulares, villi, lacteal, microvilli Absorptive, goblet, granular, endocrine

Modifications

Cells of mucosa

Duodenum and Pancreas

Duodenum Anatomy and Histology

Liver

Lobes

Major: Left and right Minor: Caudate and quadrate

Ducts

Common hepatic Cystic

From gallbladder Joins pancreatic duct at hepatopancreatic ampulla

Common bile

Functions of the Liver

Bile production

Salts emulsify fats, contain pigments as bilirubin Glycogen, fat, vitamins, copper and iron

Storage

Nutrient interconversion Detoxification

Hepatocytes remove ammonia and convert to urea Kupffer cells phagocytize worn-out and dying red and white blood cells, some bacteria Albumins, fibrinogen, globulins, heparin, clotting factors

Phagocytosis

Synthesis

Duct System

The Duodenum and Related Organs

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Movement in small intestine:

Mixing: Segmental contraction that occurs in small intestine Secretion: Lubricate, liquefy, digest Digestion: Mechanical and chemical Absorption: Movement from tract into circulation or lymph Elimination: Waste products removed from body

Large Intestine:

Extends from ileocecal junction to anus Consists of cecum, colon, rectum, anal canal Movements sluggish (18-24 hours)

Large Intestine

Cecum

Blind sac, vermiform appendix attached

Ascending, transverse, descending, sigmoid Straight muscular tube Internal anal sphincter (smooth muscle) External anal sphincter (skeletal muscle) Hemorrhoids: Vein enlargement or inflammation

Colon

Rectum

Anal canal

Histology of Large Intestine

Functions of the Liver

Bile production

Salts emulsify fats, contain pigments as bilirubin Glycogen, fat, vitamins, copper and iron

Storage

Nutrient interconversion Detoxification

Hepatocytes remove ammonia and convert to urea Kupffer cells phagocytize worn-out and dying red and white blood cells, some bacteria Albumins, fibrinogen, globulins, heparin, clotting factors

Phagocytosis

Synthesis