A Mathematical Model of Motion

CHAPTER 5 PHYSICS

5.1 Graphing Motion in One Dimension

Interpret graphs of position versus time for a moving object to determine the velocity of the object Describe in words the information presented in graphs and draw graphs from descriptions of motion Write equations that describe the position of an object moving at constant velocity

Parts of a Graph
X-axis
Y-axis

All

axes must be labeled with appropriate units, and values.

5.1 Position vs. Time

The x-axis is always time The y-axis is always position The slope of the line indicates the velocity of the object. Slope = (y2-y1)/(x2-x1)

d1-d0/t1-t0 d/t
Position vs. Time
20 18 16 14
Position (m)

12 10 8 6 4 2 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 Time (s)

Uniform Motion
Uniform

motion is defined as equal displacements occurring during successive equal time periods (sometimes called constant velocity) Straight lines on position-time graphs mean uniform motion.

Given below is a diagram of a ball rolling along a table. Strobe pictures reveal the position of the object at regular intervals of time, in this case, once each 0.1 seconds.

Notice that the ball covers an equal distance between flashes. Let's assume this distance equals 20 cm and display the ball's behavior on a graph plotting its xposition versus time.

The slope of this line would equal 20 cm divided by 0.1 sec or 200 cm/sec. This represents the ball's average velocity as it moves across the table. Since the ball is moving in a positive direction its velocity is positive. That is, the ball's velocity is a vector quantity possessing both magnitude (200 cm/sec) and direction (positive).

Steepness of slope on PositionTime graph

Slope

is related to velocity Steep slope = higher velocity Shallow slope = less velocity

Different Position. Vs. Time graphs

Position vs. Time
20
Position (m)

Uniform Motion

Accelerated Motion

15 10 5 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 Time (s)

Constant positive velocity (zero acceleration)

Position vs. Time
25
Position (m)

Increasing positive velocity (positive acceleration)

20 15 10 5 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 Time (s)

Constant negative velocity (zero acceleration)

Decreasing negative velocity (positive acceleration)

Different Position. Vs. Time

Changing slope means changing velocity!!!!!!

Decreasing negative slope = ??

Increasing negative slope = ??

X
B A

t
C A Starts at home (origin) and goes forward slowly B Not moving (position remains constant as time progresses) C Turns around and goes in the other direction quickly, passing up home

During which intervals was he traveling in a positive direction? During which intervals was he traveling in a negative direction? During which interval was he resting in a negative location? During which interval was he resting in a positive location? During which two intervals did he travel at the same speed?
A) 0 to 2 sec B) 2 to 5 sec C) 5 to 6 sec D)6 to 7 sec E) 7 to 9 sec F)9 to 11 sec

x
C

Graphing w/ Acceleration
t

A Start from rest south of home; increase speed gradually B Pass home; gradually slow to a stop (still moving north)

C Turn around; gradually speed back up again heading south

D Continue heading south; gradually slow to a stop near the starting point

You try it..

Using the Position-time graph given to you, write a one or two paragraph story that describes the motion illustrated. You need to describe the specific motion for each of the steps (a-f) You will be graded upon your ability to correctly describe the motion for each step.

Tangent Lines
t

On a position vs. time graph: SLOPE VELOCITY SLOPE SPEED

Positive
Negative Zero

Positive
Negative Zero

Steep
Gentle Flat

Fast
Slow Zero

Increasing & Decreasing

t
Increasing Decreasing

On a position vs. time graph: Increasing means moving forward (positive direction).

Decreasing means moving backwards (negative direction).

Concavity
t

On a position vs. time graph: Concave up means positive acceleration. Concave down means negative acceleration.

x Q P S R

Special Points
t

Inflection Pt.
Peak or Valley Time Axis Intercept

P, R
Q P, S

Change of concavity, change of acceleration Turning point, change of positive velocity to negative Times when you are at home, or at origin

5.2 Graphing Velocity in One Dimension

Determine, from a graph of velocity versus time, the velocity of an object at a specific time Interpret a v-t graph to find the time at which an object has a specific velocity Calculate the displacement of an object from the area under a v-t graph

5.2

Velocity vs. Time

Velocity vs. Time
20 18 16 14
Velcoity (m/s)

X-axis is the time Y-axis is the velocity Slope of the line = the acceleration

12 10 8 6 4 2 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 Time (s)

Different Velocity-time graphs

Different Velocity-time graphs

Velocity vs. Time
20
Velocity (m/s)

15 10 5 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 Time (s)

Velocity vs. Time

25
Velocity (m/s)

20 15 10 5 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 Time (s)

Velocity vs. Time

Horizontal lines = constant velocity Sloped line = changing velocity

Steeper

= greater change in velocity per

second Negative slope = deceleration

Acceleration vs. Time

Time is on the x-axis Acceleration is on the y-axis Shows how acceleration changes over a period of time. Often a horizontal line.
Acceleration vs. Time
12

10
Acceleration (m/s^2)

0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 Time (s)

All 3 Graphs
t

a t

Real life
Note how the v graph is pointy and the a graph skips. In real life, the blue points would be smooth curves and the orange segments would be connected. In our class, however, well only deal with constant acceleration. v

a t

Constant Rightward Velocity

Constant Leftward Velocity

Constant Rightward Acceleration

Constant Leftward Acceleration

Leftward Velocity with Rightward Acceleration

Graph Practice
Try making all three graphs for the following scenario: 1. Newberry starts out north of home. At time zero hes driving a cement mixer south very fast at a constant speed. 2. He accidentally runs over an innocent moose crossing the road, so he slows to a stop to check on the poor moose. 3. He pauses for a while until he determines the moose is squashed flat and deader than a doornail. 4. Fleeing the scene of the crime, Newberry takes off again in the same direction, speeding up quickly. 5. When his conscience gets the better of him, he slows, turns around, and returns to the crash site.

Area Underneath v-t Graph

If you calculate the area underneath a v-t graph, you would multiply height X width. Because height is actually velocity and width is actually time, area underneath the graph is equal to Velocity X time or Vt

Remember that Velocity = d t Rearranging, we get d = velocity X t

So.the area underneath a velocity-time graph is equal to the displacement during that time period.

positive area

Area
t

negative area
Note that, here, the areas are about equal, so even though a significant distance may have been covered, the displacement is about zero, meaning the stopping point was near the starting point. The position graph shows this as well. x

Velocity vs. Time

The area under a velocity time graph indicates the displacement during that time period. Remember that the slope of the line indicates the acceleration. The smaller the time units the more instantaneous is the acceleration at that particular time. If velocity is not uniform, or is changing, the acceleration will be changing, and cannot be determined for an instant, so you can only find average acceleration

5.3 Acceleration
Determine from the curves on a velocitytime graph both the constant and instantaneous acceleration Determine the sign of acceleration using a v-t graph and a motion diagram Calculate the velocity and the displacement of an object undergoing constant acceleration

5.3 Acceleration

Like speed or velocity, acceleration is a rate of change, defined as the rate of change of velocity Average Acceleration = change in velocity Elapsed time

V 1 V 0 a t
Units of acceleration?

Rearrangement of the equation

V 1 V 0 a t

at v1 v0
v0 at v1

v1 v0 at

Finally

v1 v0 at

This equation is to be used to find (final) velocity of an accelerating object. You can use it if there is or is not a beginning velocity

Displacement under Constant Acceleration

Remember that displacement under constant velocity was

d = vt
With

or

d1 = d0 + vt

acceleration, there is no one single instantaneous v to use, but we could use an average velocity of an accelerating object.

Average velocity of an accelerating object would simply be of sum of beginning and ending velocities

Average velocity of an accelerating object

V = (v0 + v1)

So.
d1 d 0 vt d1 d 0 1 / 2(v1 v0)t
Key equation

d1 d 0 1 / 2(v1 v 0)t

Some other equations

d1 d 0 v0t 1/ 2at

This equation is to be used to find final position when there is an initial velocity, but velocity at time t1 is not known.

If no time is known, use this to find final position.

v1 v 0 d1 d 0 2a
2

Finding final velocity if no time is known

v1 v0 2a(d 1 d 0)
2 2

The equations of importance

v1 v0 at
d d 0 1 / 2(v1 v0)t

V 1 V 0 a t

d d 0 v0t 1/ 2at
2

v1 v 0 d1 d 0 2a v1 v0 2a(d 1 d 0)
2 2 2

Practical Application Velocity/Position/Time equations

Calculation of arrival times/schedules of aircraft/trains (including vectors) GPS technology (arrival time of signal/distance to satellite) Military targeting/delivery Calculation of Mass movement (glaciers/faults) Ultrasound (speed of sound) (babies/concrete/metals) Sonar (Sound Navigation and Ranging) Auto accident reconstruction Explosives (rate of burn/expansion rates/timing with det. cord)

5.4 Free Fall

Recognize the meaning of the acceleration due to gravity Define the magnitude of the acceleration due to gravity as a positive quantity and determine the sign of the acceleration relative to the chosen coordinate system Use the motion equations to solve problems involving freely falling objects

Freefall
Defined

as the motion of an object if the only force acting on it is gravity.

No

friction, no air resistance, no drag

Acceleration Due to Gravity

Galileo Galilei recognized about 400 years ago that, to understand the motion of falling objects, the effects of air or water would have to be ignored. As a result, we will investigate falling, but only as a result of one force, gravity.

Galileo Galilei 1564-1642

Galileos Ramps

Because gravity causes objects to move very fast, and because the timekeepers available to Galileo were limited, Galileo used ramps with moveable bells to slow down falling objects for accurate timing.

Galileos Ramps

Galileos Ramps

To keep accurate time, Galileo used a water clock.

For the measurement of time, he employed a large vessel of water placed in an elevated position; to the bottom of this vessel was soldered a pipe of small diameter giving a thin jet of water, which he collected in a small glass during the time of each descent... the water thus collected was weighed, after each descent, on a very accurate balance; the difference and ratios of these weights gave us the differences and ratios of the times...

Displacements of Falling Objects

Looking at his results, Galileo realized that a falling ( or rolling downhill) object would have displacements that increased as a function of the square of the time, or t2 Another way to look at it, the velocity of an object increased as a function of the square of time, multiplied by some constant.

 Galileo

also found that all objects, no matter what slope of ramp he rolled them down, and as long as the ramps were all the same height, would reach the bottom with the same velocity.

Galileos Finding
Galileo

found that, neglecting friction, all freely falling objects have the same acceleration.

Hippo & Ping Pong Ball

In a vacuum, all bodies fall at the same rate.
If a hippo and a ping pong ball were dropped from a helicopter in a vacuum (assuming the copter could fly without air), theyd land at the same time.

When theres no air resistance, size and shape matter not!

Proving Galileo Correct

Galileo could not produce a vacuum to prove his ideas. That came later with the invention of a vacuum machine, and the demonstration with a guinea feather and gold coin dropped in a vacuum.

Guinea Feather and Coin/NASA demonstrations

Acceleration Due to Gravity

Galileo calculated that all freely falling objects accelerate at a rate of

9.8

2 m/s

This value, as an acceleration, is known as g

Acceleration Due to Gravity

Because

this value is an acceleration value, it can be used to calculate displacements or velocities using the acceleration equations learned earlier. Just substitute g for the a

Example problem

A brick is dropped from a high building.

What

is its velocity after 4.0 sec.? How far does the brick fall during this time?

The Churchs opposition to new thought

Church leaders of the time held the same views as Aristotle, the great philosopher. Aristotle thought that objects of different mass would fall at different ratesmakes sense huh?????? All objects have their natural position. Rocks fall faster than feathers, so it only made sense (to him) Galileo, in attempting to convince church leaders that the natural position view was incorrect, considered two rocks of different mass.

Falling Rock Conundrum

Galileo presented this in his book Dialogue Concerning the Two Chief World Systems(1632) as a discussion between Simplicio (as played by a church leader) and Salviati (as played by Galileo) Two rocks of different masses are dropped Massive rock falls faster???

Rocks continued

Now consider the two rocks held together by a length of string. If the smaller rock were to fall slower, it would impede the rate at which both rocks would fall. But the two rocks together would actually have more mass, and should therefore fall faster. A conundrum????? The previously held views could not have been correct.

Galileo had data which proved Aristotle and the church wrong, but church leaders were hardly moved in their position that all objects have their correct position in the world Furthermore, the use of Simplicio (or simpleton) as the head of the church in his dialog, was a direct insult to the church leaders themselves.