Introduction & Flood Hydrologic Analysis

CE154 - Hydraulic Design Lectures 1-2

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Green Sheet
Course Objective - Introduce design

concept and procedure for a few basic types of hydraulic structures that an engineer may encounter Hydraulic structures: - Water supply and distribution systems including spillways, reservoirs, pipeline
systems - Flood protection systems including culverts, storm drains, & natural rivers
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Green Sheet
Lecture Schedule

Homework assignments
Exams Grading Office hour Communication email address, web site Emergency evacuation route Grader selection
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Introduction
Hydraulic Design Design of Hydraulic

Structures Elements of Design (class discussion) - design objective - design criteria - design data and assumptions - design procedure - design calculations - design drawings - design report
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Hydraulic Design example

Design a channel that can safely carry the

storm runoff generated from a 1% flood from a residential development that is 20 square miles in drainage area. Design objective: Design criteria: Design data and assumptions: Design procedure:

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Flood Hydrology
Design flood Discharge (design flow)

- peak flow rate governing the design of relevant hydraulic structures

Design flood Hydrograph

- time-flow history of a design flood

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Sample Flood Hydrograph

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Hydrology
Rainfall Runoff Process

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Hydrologic Parameters
Precipitation intensity & duration for design

Infiltration rate (watershed soil type and

moisture condition) Watershed surface cover overland roughness Watershed drainage network geometry Watershed slope
Time of concentration

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Rainfall Runoff Process

Gauged Watershed

-flood frequency analysis to determine peak design flow rate -Gauge data to calibrate unit hydrograph and generate design flood hydrograph
-Hydrologic Modeling (HEC-HMS or HEC-1) -Regional regression analysis -Synthetic unit hydrograph
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Ungauged Watershed

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Flood Hydrology Studies

determine design rainfall duration and

intensity - design rainfall ranges from probable maximum precipitation (PMP) on the high end to 100-year or 10-year return period rainfall event develop design runoff hydrograph includes peak flow rate and runoff volume to size reservoir and design spillway and other pertinent structures
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Our Topics
Determine probable maximum precipitation

(PMP) -Theoretically the greatest depth of

Bureau of Reclamations S-graph &

precipitation for a given duration that is physically possible over a given storm area at a particular geographical location at a certain time of the year (HMR55A)

dimensionless unit hydrograph methods of developing synthetic unit hydrograph Clark unit hydrograph method
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PMP
National Weather Service

Hydrometeorological Reports (HMR) provide maximum 6, 12, 24, 48 and 72 hour PMPs for areas of 10, 200, 1000, 5000 and 10,000 mi2. HMR 58 Probable Maximum Precipitation for California Calculation Procedures, NOAA, Oct. 1998 (supersedes HMR36, Note errata for pp. 22 & 27) http://www.weather.gov/oh/hdsc/studies/ pmp.html#HR58
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Rainfall Losses
Surface retention, evaporation and storage

(usually small compared to infiltration) Infiltration - Ranges 0.05 0.5 in/hr approximately - L = Lmin + (Lo Lmin)e-kt L = resulting infiltration rate Lmin = minimum rate when saturated Lo = maximum or initial infiltration rate Rainfall losses = Rainfall Excess
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PMP Computation Example

Read pp. 43-48 of HMR 58

973 mi2 Auburn drainage above Folsom

Lake Step 1

Outline drainage boundary and overlay the 10-mi2, 24-hour PMP map from Plate 2, HMR 58
Determine to use all-season or seasonal

Step 2

PMP for design

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Plate 2 California Northern General Storm PMP Index Map (in inches)

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PMP Computation Example

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PMP Computation Example

Step 3

(using a planimeter or griddled paper overlay) Step 4 Depth-Duration Relationship - Auburn drainage is within the Sierra region. Use Table 2.1 to obtain ratios for durations from 1 to 72 hours
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Calculate average PMP value (for 10 mi2 and 24-hr) over drainage area = 24.6 inches

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PMP Computation Example

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PMP Computation Example

Step 4 Ratios for Auburn Drainage (Table 2.1 HMR58)
1 6 12 24 48 72

Duration (hours)

Ratios

.14

.42

.65

1.00

1.56

1.76

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PMP Computation Example

Multiply the average value for 10-mi2, 24-hour

PMP of 24.6 inches by these ratios

Step 5 Duration (hr)

PMP (in)

Auburn drainage 10-mi2 PMP 1 6 12 24 48

72

3.4

10.3

16.0

24.6

38.4

43.3

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PMP Computation Example

Step 6

Determine aerial reduction factors using the Auburn drainage area of 973 mi2 & Fig. 2.15

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PMP Computation Example

Fig 2.15, HMR 58

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PMP Computation Example

Step 6 Duration (hr) 1 6 Area Reduction Factors 12 24 48 72

Factors

.64

.67

.70

.72

.77

.80

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PMP Computation Example

Step 7

Apply aerial reduction by multiplying PMPs from Step 5 by factors from Step 6
Auburn Drainage average PMP Depths
1 2.2 6 6.9 12 11.2 24 17.7 48 29.6 72 34.6

Step 7
Duration (hr) PMP (in)

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PMP Computation Example

Step 8

Plot the depth-duration data on Fig. 2.19

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PMP Computation Example

Extract cumulative depths from Fig. 2.19

Step 8

6-hr Cumulative Rainfall Depths

Hr.

12 18

24

30

36

42

48

54

60

66

72

PMP (in)

6.9

11.2

14.6

17.7

20.8

23.8

26.7

29.6

31.6

32.7

33.7

34.6

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PMP Computation Example

Compute incremental depths
Step 9

6-hr Incremental Rainfall Depths

Hr.

12 18 24 30 36 42 48 54 60 66 72

PMP 6.9 (in)

4.3

3.4

3.1

3.1

3.0

2.9

2.9

2.0

1.1

1.0

0.9

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PMP Computation Example

Adjust temporal-distribution of these incremental

rainfall based on historical data or by experiments. Keep the 4 highest increments in a series. A PMP isohyetal distribution may be

6 hr incremental rainfall depths

Hr 6
PMP1

12 18 24 30 36 42 48 54 60 66 72

6.9 4.3 3.4 3.1 3.1 3.0 2.9 2.9 2.0 1.1 1.0 0.9

PMP2

3.1 3.0 2.9 2.9 3.1 4.3 6.9 3.4 1.1 0.9 2.0 1.0
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PMP Computation - summary

Need Hydrometeorological Report HMR 58

for northern California Define general storms up to 72 hours in duration and 10,000 mi2 in area and local storms up to 6 hours and 500 mi2 Start with a total PMP depth for a general area and end with intensity-time distribution of rain for a specific watershed this is the design rainfall
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How to turn PMP (design rainfall) into PMF (design runoff)?

Unit hydrograph

a rainfall-runoff relationship characteristic of the watershed - developed in 1930s, easy to use, less data requirements, less costly - many methods, most often seen include Soil Conservation Service (SCS) method, Snyder, Clark, and Bureau of Reclamation dimensionless unit hydrograph and S-curve methods hydrologic modeling used widely since PC became popular, requiring data of topo contours, surface cover, infiltration ch., etc., HEC-HMS (HEC-1)
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Unit Hydrograph
Basic unit hydrograph theory

Define several parameters to characterize

A storm of a constant intensity over a duration (e.g, 1 hour), and of uniform distribution, produces 1 inch of excess that runs off the surface. The hydrograph that is recorded at the outlet of the watershed is a 1-hr unit hydrograph
the watershed response: e.g., lag time or time of concentration, time-discharge relationship, channel storage attenuation synthetic unit hydrograph
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Unit Hydrograph Assumptions

Rainfall excess and losses may be lumped

as basin-average values (lumped) Ordinates of runoff is linearly proportional to rainfall excess values (linearity) Rainfall-runoff relationship does not change with time (time invariance)

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Hydrograph Development

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Unit Hydrograph Approaches

Conceptual models of runoff single-linear

reservoir (S=kO), Nash (multiple linear reservoirs), Clark (consider effect of basin shape on travel time) Empirical models Snyder, Soil Conservation Service dimensionless method Different methods use different parameters to define the unit hydrograph

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Unit Hydrograph Parameters

Time lag time between center of mass of rainfall

and center of mass of runoff, original definition by Horner & Flynt [1934], (SCS, Snyder). Different formulae were developed based on different watershed data (e.g., SCS & BuReC) Time of concentration - time between end of rainfall excess and inflection point of receding runoff (Clark) Time to peak beginning of rise to peak (SCS) Storage coefficient R (Clark) Temporal distribution of runoff (BuReC, SCS)
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Unit Hydrograph & parameters

Rainfall excess = precipipation - loss Lag time Q Time of concentration Receding limb Point of inflection

Rising limb
Peak Time time
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Synthetic Unit Hydrograph

Uses Lag Time and a temporal distribution

(dimensionless or S-graph) to develop the unit hydrograph

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Lag Time
Unit Hydrograph Lag Time (Tlag or Lg) per Bureau of

Reclamation

C ( Lg
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L Lca

0.5

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Lag Time
Lg = unit hydrograph lag time in hours

L = length of the longest watercourse from

the point of concentration to the drainage boundary, in miles

L

Lca

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Lag Time
Lca = length along the longest watercourse

from the point of concentration to a point opposite the centroid of the drainage basin, in miles S = average slope of the longest watercourse, in feet per mile C, N = constant

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Lag Time
Based on empirical data, regardless of

basin location N = 0.33 C = 26Kn where Kn is the average Mannings roughness coefficient for the drainage network Note: other methods such as Snyder and SCS define lag time slightly differently

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Lag Time
To allow estimate of lag time, the Bureau

of Reclamation reconstituted 162 flood hydrographs from numerous natural basins west of Mississippi River to provide charts for lag time for 6 different regions of the US Use Table 3-5 & Fig. 3-7 of DSD for lag time estimate for SF Bay Area

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Lag Time

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Lag Time
Example, Table 3-5 on p.42, DSD

- San Francisquito Creek near Stanford University, drainage area 38.3 mi2, lag time 4.8 hours, Kn 0.110
- Matadero Creek at Palo Alto, drainage area 7.2 mi2, lag time 3.7 hours, Kn 0.119

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UH Temporal Distribution
Time vs. Discharge relationship

Bureau of Reclamation uses 2 methods to

develop temporal distribution based on recorded hydrographs divided into 6 regions across the US: - dimensionless unit hydrograph method, & - S-graph technique Tables 3-15 and 3-16 (Design of Small Dams) for the SF Bay Area
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Temporal Dist. Table 3-16

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Temp. Dist. - S-graph Method

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S-graph method - Example

Read pp. 37-52 of Design of Small Dams

drainage area = 250 mi2

lag time = 12 hours unit duration = 12/5 2 hours (SCS

recommendation) Ultimate discharge = drainage area in mi2 times 52802/3600/12 and divided by unit duration, in this case = 80662.5 cfs

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S-graph method - example

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Bureaus Method - summary

Estimate lag time and time-flow

distribution Based on recorded hydrographs Regionalized approach does not consider specific local condition Works better for larger watersheds, such as for dam construction For smaller watersheds, or smaller design flood events, consider another method, such as the Clark unit hydrograph method
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Clark Unit Hydrograph Method

Reading Materials:

- Chapter 7 of Flood-Runoff Analysis, EM 1110-2-1417, Corps of Engineers, Aug. 94 http://www.usace.army.mil/publications/en g-manuals/em1110-2-1417/toc.htm - if you have more time, read - Unit Hydrograph Technical Manual, National Weather Service, www.nohrsc.noaa.gov/technology/gis/uhg_ manual.html
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Clark Unit Hydrograph Method

Uses the concept of instantaneous unit

hydrograph (IUH) hydrograph resulted from 1 unit of rainfall excess occurring over the basin in zero time Uses IUH to compute a unit hydrograph for any unit duration equal to or greater than the time interval used in computation Uses 2 parameters and a time-area relationship to define IUH

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Clark Unit Hydrograph Method

Need 2 parameters: time of concentration

(Tc) and storage coefficient (R) Tc = travel time from the most upstream point in the basin to the outflow location or Tc = time from the end of rainfall to the inflection point on the recession limb R = Q/(dQ/dt) at point of inflection estimate from recorded flood hydrographs Example reconstitute a flood hydrograph for Thomas Creek at Paskenta, CA for Jan/1963
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Clark Unit Hydrograph

Step 1 Delineate watershed boundary

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Clark Unit Hydrograph

Step 2 Identify major watercourses

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Clark Unit Hydrograph

Step 3 Estimate time of concentration by

estimating overland and river travel times through the watershed. Identify watershed slopes, surface cover types and river channel geometries, and use simplified relationships to estimate travel time.

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Time of Concentration
Watershed flow characteristics:

sheet flow approximately 0.1 ft deep, less than 300 ft in length shallow concentrated flow channel flow

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Sheet Flow Roughness Coef. [Engman 1986]

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Sheet Flow travel time

0.007(nL)

0.8

P S
2

0.5

0.4

Sheet flow travel time (Tt)

Tt = travel time in hr n = Mannings roughness coefficient L = flow length in ft P2 = 2-yr, 24-hr rainfall in inches S = slope in ft/ft
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Sheet Flow travel time

NOAA Atlas precipitation distribution

maps Northern California 2-yr, 24-hour rainfall http://hydrology.nws.noaa.gov/oh/hdsc/On line_reports/Volume%20XI%20California/ 1973/North%2024%20hr%20precipitation %20charts.djvu For San Jose area, 2.2 inches
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Shallow Concentrated Flow velocities

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Time of Concentration (Step 3)

Channel flow use Mannings equation

travel time = channel length/velocity

Time of concentration = summation of

travel times from sheet flow, shallow concentrated flow and channel flow Do this for the entire watershed separated into subareas based on slope and surface cover Sum up the travel time through the watershed and divide into equal-travel-time subareas (isochrones)
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Clark Method (Step 3) - isochrones

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Clark UH Procedure (Step 4)

Draw isochrones to subdivide the basin into

chosen number of parts, e.g., if Tc=8 hr., choose 8 subdivisions with t=1 hr. Measure the area (ai) between each pair of isochrones and tabulate. ai = ordinate in units of area (mi2 or km2) Plot (% of Tc) versus (cumulative area). Tabulate increments at 1 t apart

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Clark UH Example
Map Area #
Planimeter Value

Accum. Value

Accum. Area (km2)

Travel time in %Tc

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
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0.08 0.15 0.40 0.36 0.45 0.45 0.66 0.68

0.08 0.23 0.63 0.99 1.44 1.89 2.55 3.23

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12 35 96 151 220 288 389 493

12.5 25.0 37.5 50.0 62.5 75.0 87.5 100.0

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Clark UH Procedure
Approach

Time-Cumulative Area curve Translation hydrograph Linear reservoir routing Instantaneous Unit Hydrograph Unit Hydrograph of a duration

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Clark UH Procedure

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Clark UH Procedure
Convert areas into flows (area x unit

rainfall / unit time) of a translation hydrograph Ii = Kai/t

where Ii = ordinate of translation hydrograph in unit of discharge (cfs or cms) at end of period i, K = conversion factor (645 to convert inmi2 to cfs or 0.278 to convert mm-km2 to cms) 0.278 = 1000x1000/1000/3600
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Clark UH Example
(1) Time (hr) (2) Rain over ai (mm-km2) (3) (4) Inflow Ii Of IUH Oi translation (cms) hydrograph (cms) (5) 2-hr UH Qi (cms)

0
2 4
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35 116

0
5 16
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Storage Coefficient R (Step 5)

For linear reservoir S=RO

Estimate from recorded hydrograph:

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The inflection point of a recession limb, by definition, is when inflow ceases, because time of concentration is from end of rainfall to the inflection point, and is when the last rain reaches the end of the watershed. dS/dt = I-O = -O continuity equation dS/dt = R dO/dt for linear reservoir R = -O/(dO/dt) at the inflection point
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Storage Coefficient R
R is used to define a dimensionless routing

constant C:

2t C= 2 R t

with R=5.5 hours and t = 2 hours,

C = 0.308

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Clark UH Procedure (Step 6)

Route the inflows (Col. 3) to the outflow

location (Col. 4) Oi = CIi + (1-C)Oi-1

Oi = outflow from the basin at the end of period i Ii = inflow from each area at the end of period i

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Clark UH Example
(1) Time (hr) 0 2 (2) Inflow ai (mm-km2) 0 35 (3) Inflow Ii (cms) 0 5 (4) IUH Oi (cms) 0 1.55 (5) 2-hr UH Qi (cms)

116

16

5.97

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Clark UH Example

6 8 10 12 14
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137 205 0

19 29 0

10.01 15.69 10.85 7.50 5.19

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Clark UH Procedure
Average the ordinates of the IUH to create the

unit hydrograph (Col. 5) Qi = 0.5 (Oi + Oi-1) The duration of the UH may be different from t (provided that it is an exact multiple of t), and the UH follows this formula Qi = 1/n (0.5Oi-n + Oi-n+1 + + Oi-1 + 0.5Oi) where

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Clark UH Procedure
Qi = ordinate at time i of unit hydrograph

of duration D and tabulation interval t n = D/ t D = unit hydrograph duration t = tabulation interval

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Clark UH Example
(1) Time (hr) 0 2 (2) Inflow ai (mm-km2) 0 35 (3) Inflow Ii (cms) 0 5 (4) IUH Oi (cms) 0 1.55 (5) 2-hr UH Qi (cms) 0 0.78

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16

5.97

3.76

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Clark UH Example

6 8 10 12 14
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137 205 0

19 29 0

10.01 15.69 10.85 7.50 5.19

7.99 12.85 13.27 9.17 6.35

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Clark UH Example
Continue the UH calculation to Hour 46

when the discharge diminishes to 0 For each 2-hour interval of the Jan/Feb 1963 storm, compute rainfall excess, multiply by the UH ordinates and lag the time of occurrence to obtain the flood hydrograph Compare with the measured hydrograph

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The END

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