Fundamental Concepts in Video

Lecturer Dr. Aree Ali Mohammed 2012-2013 4th Stage aree.ali@univsul.net

School of Science \ Computer Science Dept.

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Overview

What is digital video? Video concepts Analogue Video Digital Video File Size and Formats Video Special Effects Video Compression Video H/S Video Advantages and Disadvantages
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What is Digital Video?

Digital video refers to the capturing, manipulation, and storage of moving images that can be displaced on computer screens. This requires that the moving images be digitally handled by the computer. The word digital refers to a system based on discontinuous events, as opposed to analog, a continuous event. Computers are digital systems; they do not process images the way the human eye does.

Advantages of Digital Video

Ease of manipulation Preservation of data Internet (easy to store, retrieve, and publish) Compression Embedding in a web page
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Video Concept

Video is an excellent tool for delivering multimedia. Video places the highest performance demand on computer and its memory and storage. Digital video has replaced analog video as the method of choice for making and delivering video for multimedia.

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Video Concept

Digital video device produces excellent finished products at a fraction of the cost of analog. Digital video eliminates the image-degrading analog-to-digital conversion. Many digital video sources exist, but getting the rights can be difficult, time-consuming, and expensive.

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Analogue Video

Video information that is stored using television video signals, film, videotape or other non-computer media Each frame is represented by a fluctuating voltage signal known as an analogue wave form or composite video.

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Analogue Video

Composite analogue video has all the video components: brightness, colour and synchronization Then combined into one signal for delivery Example : traditional television Problems: colour blending, low clarity, high generation lost, difficult to edit.

DIGITAL
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ANALOGUE

Digitizing Video

Digital video combines features of graphics and audio to create dynamic content for multimedia products. Video is simply moving pictures. Digitized video can be edited more easily. Digitized video files can be extremely large.

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Digitizing Video

Digital video is often used to capture content from movies and television to be used in multimedia. A video source (video camera ,VCR, TV or videodisc) is connected to a video capture card in a computer. As the video source is played, the analog signal is sent to the video card and converted into a digital file (including sound from the video).

VCR

Video Overlay Board / Video Capture Card

PC

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Digitizing Video
Analogue signal from VCR Converted to DIGITAL by VIDEO CAPTURE CARD

The converted signal is entered inside a computer Signal is processed Video is edited using video editing software software

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Digital Video

Digital video is the digitisation of analogue video signals into numerical format It creates the illusion of full motion by displaying a rapid sequence of changing images on a display device. Conversion from analogue to digital format requires the use on an ADC (Analogue to Digital Converter) A Digital to Analogue Converter (DAC) can be used to output digital video on analogue equipment

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File Size and Formats

There is an important consideration:

file size in digitized video which included
1.

2.
3.

frame rate image size color depth.

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File Size and Formats

1.

Frame Rate animation is an illusion caused by the rapid display of still images. television and movies play at 30 fps but acceptable playback can be achieved with 15 fps.

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File Size and Formats

2.

Image Size A standard full screen resolution is 640x480 pixels but to safe storing space a video with 320x240 for a computer display is still acceptable. New high-definition televisions (HDTV) are capable of resolutions up to 19201080p60, 1920 pixels per scan line by 1080 scan lines, progressive, at 60 frames per second.

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File Size and Formats

3.

Color Depth The quality of video is dependent on the color quality (related to the number of colors) for each bitmap in the frame sequence.

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File Size and Formats

3.

Color Depth The color depth below 256 colors is poorer-quality image. The frame rate to below 15 fps causes a noticeable and distracting jerkiness that unacceptable. Changing the image size and compressing the file therefore become primary ways of reducing file size.

24 bit
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16 bit

8 bit (256 colors)

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Special Effects

Transitions

Such as fading, wiping, splatters, scrolling, stipple and many more are available by simply dragging and dropping that transition between the two video clips.

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Special Effects

Superimposing

The ability to superimpose one clip over another is a valuable technique. The technique of green screening is identical except that the color green is used for the screen and later digitally removed. The blue screen and green screen superimposing are just two of the superimposing technique available.

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Video Compression

The video compression/decompression programs are used so that video can fit on a single CD and the speed of transferring video from a CD to the computer can be increased. Let us say that a sequence of 25fps video is about 25MB. CD-ROM transfer rate is calculated as follows: 1X= 150KB per second 10X=1.5 MB per second 100X= 15 MB per secondt To overcome large video size, CODECS were developed.
Compresses when saved

CODEC

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such as: Avi, Decompresses School of Science \ Computer when needed for Science Dept. Mpeg, Mov display

File format used

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Video Hardware and Software

VCR

MULTIMEDIA PC

Video Overlay Board / Video Capture Card

Video digital Editing Software

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Video Editing Software

Incorporating transitions such as dissolves, wipes and spin. Superimposing titles and animating them, such as fly-in logo. Applying special effects to various images, such as twisting, zooming, rotating and distorting. Synchronizing sound with the video. Apply filters that control color balance, brightness & contrast, blurring, distortions and morphing.

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Advantages of using Video

Captures interest Increase retention Clarifies complex physical actions and relationships Can incorporate other media

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Disadvantages of using Video

Is expensive to produce Requires extensive memory and storage Requires special equipment Does not effectively illustrate abstract concepts and static situations

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Summary

Digital video method is used for making and delivering video for multimedia. Compression techniques help to reduce the file sizes to more manageable levels Two types of compression lossless and lossy. Standards for compression program are JPEG and MPEG.

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Group Discussion

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