1) You don't need fancy highbrow traditions or money to really learn.

You just need people with the desire to better themselves.

Adam Cooper and Bill Collage

2) Education begins a gentleman, conversation completes him.

Dr. Thomas Fuller

3) A compromise is the art of dividing a cake in such a way that everyone believes he has the biggest piece. Ludwig Erhard

Lecture # 02
M. Aamir Shehzad

Placing of a device in the field having Sensing, Indicating, Transmitting, Recording or Controlling capabilities (of physical quantities or conditions, performance, position, direction, and so forth) for the system.

Classification according to physical quantities:1.

Pressure instruments

2.
3.

Flow instruments
Temperature instruments
Water Bath Temperature

4.

level instruments

Heating Element

Physical Quantities related to Basic Instrumentation:-

1. PRESSURE 2. FLOW 3. LEVEL

4. TEMPERATURE

Pressure (P) is the force per unit area applied in a direction perpendicular to the surface of an object. Also Pressure is an effect that occurs when a force is applied on a surface.

Mathematically:
where: P: is the pressure, F: is the normal force, A: is the area of the surface on contact

Absolute pressure: Pressure above perfect vacuum or zero absolute. 2) Atmospheric pressure: Pressure exerted by earths atmosphere. Atmospheric pressure at sea level is 14.7psia or 29.9 inches of mercury absolute. Barometric Pressure ???? 3) Differential pressure: It is difference between two pressures i,e it is the pressure measured with respect to another pressure, and is expressed as the difference between the two values. This represents two points in a pressure or flow system, and is referred to as the delta p, or p.
1)

4) Gauge pressure: Pressure above atmospheric pressure.

5) Static pressure: Force per unit area exerted on a wall by a fluid at rest or flowing parallel to a pipe wall. It is also called line pressure.

6) Velocity pressure: Pressure exerted by the speed of flow. It is also called velocity head or impact pressure. 7) Hydrostatic pressure: Pressure below a liquid surface exerted by the liquid above.

8) Total pressure: All pressures, including static, acting in all directions.

9) Vacuum: Pressure below atmospheric pressure. i,e. pressure between total vacuum and normal atmospheric pressure. Pressures less than atmospheric pressure are often referred to as negative gauge, and indicated by an amount below atmospheric pressure. As an example, 5 psig corresponds to 9.7 psia.

10) Total vacuum: It is zero pressure or lack of pressure, as would be experienced in outer space, and is very difficult to achieve in practice. Vacuum pumps can only approach a true vacuum.

Conditions affecting liquid pressure:

Surface pressure: any pressure acting on the surface is transmitted throughout the liquid and contributes to the pressure at any location beneath the surface. Depth: pressure is proportional to depth below the surface. Density: pressure is proportional to the density (or relative density) of the liquid.