Cardiac Glycosides

Group 1 Angerica Lou Abarico Mary Joan Alegre Gianpaolo Alzaga

Ma. Katherina Arellano Kirsteen Vin Armada Mon Gabriel Asuncion

INTRODUCTION
Cardiac Glycosides are named from the impact of this group on

the compounds of the heart. (Liu, W.J.H., 2011) Cardiac Glycosides are toxic and have many pharmacologic activities, especially in patients with heart conditions such as: Congestive Heart Failure; Myocardial Infarction; and, etc. (Liu, W.J.H., 2011). They are a group of steroidal glycosides which increases tone, excitability and contractility of heart muscles. These are found in some tropical plants in South America and Africa. They are also found on some animals.

INTRODUCTION
Congestive Heart Failure
- inability of the heart to pump blood effectively at a rate that meets the needs of the metabolizing tissues. - occurs when the muscles that perform contraction and force the blood out of the heart are performing weakly. - reduced contraction leads to reduced heart output but new blood keeps coming in, resulting in the increase in heart blood volume. - leads to lower blood pressure and poor renal blood flow - may also result to edema (lower extremities and lungs), as well as renal failure.

CARDIAC GLYCOSIDES
also called cardenolides drugs used in the treatment of congestive heart failure

or cardiac arrhythmia, by inhibiting the Na+ /K + pump, which increases the amount of calcium ions available for contraction and improves cardiac output. neutral compounds colorless crystalline or amorphous powder with a bitter taste soluble in hot water, methanol and ethanol. not soluble in non-polar organic solvents

CARDIAC GLYCOSIDES

GENERAL STRUCTURE
composed of two structural features:

sugar moiety aglycone

GENERAL STRUCTURE
- unsaturated butyrolactone ring - unsaturated pyrone ring

GENERAL STRUCTURE
sugar moiety:

TYPES
Cardiac glycosides have two main types namely

Bufadienolides and Cardenolides. Bufadienolides are C24 steroids. Hellebrin, is the Bufadienole found in The plant, Christmas Rose (Helleborus niger).

Bufotalin
Bufotalin, is a bufadienolide secreted by the Common European Toad ( bufo bufo ). It is produced by the frogs granular glands on the epidermis of their skin.

TYPES
Cardenolides are C23 Steroids. They have a strong, bitter and disagreeable taste. They have ahormonal nature as substances. They have effects on the heart and kidney. Digitonin, is the best and well-known derivative of a digitalis cardenolide. It is extracted from the plant, Foxglove (Digitalis puprpurea). These substances are cardiotonic, which means they affect cardiac contractions.

Digoxin

Produced by the Foxglove (Digitalis purpurea).

USES
Cardiac Glycosides have a very colorful history. They were used by the Zulus in South Africa who put these

toxins in the tip of the spear and use them for hunting.
They were used by the ancient Romans and the Egyptians

as a cardiac stimulant, diuretic, and expectorant.

They inhibit the cardiac sodium pump which increases the

intracellular sodium ion concentration, which stimulates muscle contraction.

METHODS OF EXTRACTION
The present invention provides a method to extract cardiac

glycosides from a cardiac glycoside-containing plant species, such as a Nerium species, through use of aloe.
It comprises of agitating the plant material in aloe mucilage

and separating the extract from any remaining solid material.

The extraction method optionally involves heating the

solution from about 40 C. to about 100 C., optionally including use of extraction adjuvants such as alcohols, ketones, and esters.

Extraction from Nerium oleander

The dried leaves and stems of a cardiac glycoside plant species comprising Nerium oleander (100 g) were milled to a fine powder, weighed into a glass container and intermixed with aloe comprised of Aloe barbadensis leaf juice (900 g) that had been processed to a liquid with a maximum anthraquinone (aloin and/or aloe emodin) content of 1 ppm, pH of 3.7-4.1, and containing 0.1% potassium sorbate. The extraction mixture was agitated until homogeneous, and the container with the extraction mixture was placed into a temperature controlled water bath with the water level in the water bath maintained at 60%-80% of the level of the extraction mixture in the container. The water bath was heated to 80-85 C. and held at that temperature for five hours with no agitation. The conditioned extraction mixture was then covered and allowed to cool. After the conditioned extraction mixture cooled, a portion of the cardiac glycoside aloe mixture was separated from the residual cardiac glycoside plant species as follows: The cardiac glycoside aloe mixture at the top of the conditioned extraction mixture was decanted. The cardiac glycoside aloe mixture was then separated from the residual cardiac glycoside plant species by straining. The cardiac glycoside aloe extract liquid was then combined and agitated until homogeneous. The homogenous cardiac glycoside aloe extract was then filtered through a medium of approximately 1 micron porosity, followed by a second filtration through a medium of 0.5-1.0 micron porosity, and the resulting cardiac glycoside aloe extract (substantially free of the residual cardiac glycoside plant species) was stored in a sealed glass container at ambient temperature.

PLANT SAMPLE
Foxglove (Digitalis purpurea)

PLANT SAMPLE
Foxglove (Digitalis lanata)

PLANT SAMPLE
Oleander (Neridium oleander)

PLANT SAMPLE
Christmas Rose (Helleborus niger)

PLANT SAMPLE
Lily of the Valley (Convallaria majaris)

PLANT SAMPLE
White Water Lily (Nymphaea alba)

BIBLIOGRAPHY
Desai, U. Cardiac Glycosides. 2000 (viewed July 24,

2013) <www.people.vcu.edu/~urdesai/car.htm> Liu, W. Traditional Herbal Medicine Research Methods. New Jersey: John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 2011