Passive Filters

Dr. Holbert April 21, 2008

Lect22

EEE 202

Introduction
We shall explore networks used to filter signals, for example, in audio applications
Today: passive filters: RLC components only, but gain < 1 Next time: active filters: op-amps with RC elements, and gain > 1

Lect22

EEE 202

Filter Networks
Filters pass, reject, and attenuate signals at various frequencies Common types of filters:
Low-pass: deliver low frequencies and eliminate high frequencies High-pass: send on high frequencies and reject low frequencies Band-pass: pass some particular range of frequencies, discard other frequencies outside that band Band-rejection: stop a range of frequencies and pass all other frequencies (e.g., a special case is a notch filter)
Lect22 EEE 202 3

Bode Plots of Common Filters

Gain
Gain

Low Pass
Frequency

High Pass
Frequency

Band Pass
Gain Gain Frequency

Band Reject

Frequency

Lect22

EEE 202

Passive Filters
Passive filters use R, L, C elements to achieve the desired filter The half-power frequency is the same as the break frequency (or corner frequency) and is located at the frequency where the magnitude is 1/2 of its maximum value The resonance frequency, 0, is also referred to as the center frequency We will need active filters to achieve a gain greater than unity
Lect22 EEE 202 5

First-Order Filter Circuits

High Pass R C Low Pass R L

VS

Low Pass

VS

High Pass

GR = R / (R + 1/sC)

HR = R / (R + sL)

GC = (1/sC) / (R + 1/sC)
Lect22 EEE 202

HL = sL / (R + sL)
6

Second-Order Filter Circuits

Band Pass

Z = R + 1/sC + sL
R VS
+

Low Pass

C Band Reject L

HBP = R / Z

HLP = (1/sC) / Z
HHP = sL / Z HBR = HLP + HHP

High Pass

Lect22

EEE 202

Higher Order Filters

We can use our knowledge of circuits, transfer functions and Bode plots to determine how to create higher order filters For example, lets outline the design of a third-order low-pass filter

Lect22

EEE 202

Frequency & Time Domain Connections

First order circuit break frequency: break = 1/ Second order circuit characteristic equation
s2 + 20 s + 02 [ = 1/(2Q) ] (j)2 + 2(j) + 1 [ = 1/0 ] s2 + BW s + 02 s2 + R/L s + 1/(LC) [series RLC] Q value also determines damping and pole types Q < ( > 1) overdamped, real & unequal roots Q = ( = 1) critically damped, real & equal roots Q > ( < 1) underdamped, complex conjugate pair
Lect22 EEE 202 9

Time Domain Filter Response

It is straightforward to note the frequency domain behavior of the filter networks, but what is the response of these circuits in the time domain? For example, how does a second-order band-pass filter respond to a step input?

Lect22

EEE 202

10

Types of Filters
Butterworth flat response in the passband and acceptable roll-off Chebyshev steeper roll-off but exhibits passband ripple (making it unsuitable for audio systems) Bessel yields a constant propagation delay Elliptical much more complicated
Lect22 EEE 202 11

Class Examples
Compare the frequency responses of fourth-order Butterworth and Chebyshev low-pass filters [use Excel to compute and produce Bode magnitude plots]
Butterworth: (s + 1.8478 s + 1)(s + 0.7654 s + 1) Chebyshev: (2.488 s + 1.127 s + 1)(1.08 s + 0.187 s + 1)

Drill Problem P10-1

Lect22 EEE 202 12