Load Sharing and Redundan cy

High Data Rate

Low Latency

LTE Requirements
Enhanced Services

Seamless Mobility

Improved System capacity & Coverage

All-IP Network Support of scalable bandwidth i.e. 1.4, 3, 5, 10, 15 and 20 MHz Higher data rates Latency of 50-100 msec for C-plane and less than 10 msec for U-plane Optimized Mobility Support Higher Coverage Multi-antenna configuration OFDMA Guaranteed QoS Security

E-UTRAN

Simplified Architecture Evolved NodeB

Evolved Packet Core EPC

Simplified Architecture IP-Based Services

E-UTRA

Downlink 300 Mbps Uplink 75 Mbps ODFM and MIMO

3GPP consortium set the requirements for a new radio interface (EUTRAN) that would fulfill needs of:
increases in data speeds, spectral efficiency and allowing the provision of more functionality with cost effectiveness

eUTRAN

Consists only of enodeBs Performs tasks similar to those performed by the nodeBs and RNC (radio network controller) together in UTRAN Reduce the latency of all radio interface operations. Interconnected via the X2 interface, and connected to PS core network via the S1 interface.

SAE (System Architecture Evolution) Evolved Packet Core (EPC), also known as SAE Core Mobility Management Entity, Serving Gateway and PDN Gateway and HSS subcomponents Evolved Packet System (EPS)
EPS = eUTRAN + EPC

Evolved Packet Core

(Serving-GW) Termination of U-plane packets for paging reasons (Serving -GW) Switching of U-plane for support of UE mobility (MME) Distribution of paging messages to eNodeBs

MME/Serving-GW/ PDN-GW

MME/Serving-GW/ PDN-GW

S1

Evolved UTRAN

X2

eNodeB
X2

eNodeB
Radio Resource Management Radio Admission Control Header Compression Connection Mobility Control Dynamic Resource Allocation (Scheduling) MME Selection Paging BCCH Information Broadcasting

X2

RNC functionalitie s moved in eNodeB

eNodeB

 Functions for Radio Resource Management: Radio Bearer Control, Radio Admission Control, Connection Mobility Control, Dynamic allocation of resources to UEs in both uplink and downlink (scheduling). IP header compression and encryption of user data stream. Selection of an MME at UE attachment when no routing to an MME can be determined from the information provided by the UE. Routing of User Plane data towards Serving Gateway Scheduling and transmission of paging messages Scheduling and transmission of broadcast information Measurement and measurement reporting configuration for mobility and scheduling

NAS Signalling with UE, User Profile retrieval from HSS Authentication and NAS signalling security. Idle mode UE reach ability (Paging Control & execution) Tracking Area List management Inter CN Node signalling for mobility between 3GPP access networks. PDN GW and Serving GW selection. MME selection for handovers with MME change Lawful interception of signaling messages Bearer Management functions including dedicated bearer establishment

E-UTRAN idle mode packet buffering and initiation of network triggered service request procedures. Packet routing and forwarding which also includes packet marking (DSCP) in Uplink and Downlink directions. The Local Mobility Anchor point for inter e-nodeB handovers. Mobility Anchoring for inter 3GPP mobility. Lawful interception. UL and DL charging per UE , PDN and QCI (QoS Class Identifier) which also includes inter-operator charging.

UE IP Address Allocation. DL rate enforcement based on AMBR (Aggregate Maximum Bit Rate ). UL and DL service level charging, gating and rate enforcement. Transport level packet marking . Lawful interception. Packet Filtering Inter-SGW Handover

Subscriber Database Stores: user Subscription, Identification, service profile, location, security parameters Generates: Authentication and security related information

UE NAS RRC PDCP RLC MAC PHY

eNB

MME NAS RRC PDCP RLC MAC PHY

GTPC-v2 UDP IP L2 L1

GTPC-v2 UDP IP L2 L1
S11

GTPC-v2 UDP IP L2 L1
S5/S8

DIAMETER SCTP/TCP IP L2 L1

DIAMETER SCTP/TCP IP L2 L1
Gx/ Gy/ Gz

MME

SGW

PGW

SGW

CDF

NAS Relay RRC PDCP RLC MAC L1 UE LTE-Uu RRC PDCP RLC MAC L1 eNodeB
Control Plane Stacks

NAS S1-AP SCTP IP L2 L1 S1-MME S1-AP SCTP IP L2 L1 MME

Application

IP Relay PDCP RLC MAC L1

LTE-Uu

IP Relay GTP - U UDP/ IP L2 L1

S1-U

PDCP RLC MAC L1 eNB

GTP - U UDP/IP L2 L1

GTP - U UDP/IP L2 L1
S5/S8a

GTP - U UDP/ IP L2 L1
SGi

UE

S-GW

P-GW

User Plane Stacks

 Mapping between logical channels and transport channels. Priority handling between logical channels of one UE. Priority handling between UEs by dynamic scheduling. Transport format selection. Error correction through HARQ. Multiplexing/De-multiplexing of RLC PDUs belonging to one or more radio bearers into/from Transport blocks ( TB ) to/from the physical layer on transport channels. Padding

Transport of upper layer PDUs supporting AM or UM mode . TM data transfer for [ BCCH,CCCH, PCCH] . Segmentation according to the size of TB. Re-segmentation of PDUs which need to be retransmitted. Duplicate Detection. Concatenation of SDUs of the same radio bearer. In sequence delivery of upper layer PDUs. SDU discard. Re-assembly of SDUs.

Control Plane
Ciphering and integrity protection . Transfer of control plane data i.e. RRC/NAS layer messages

User Plane
Header Compression and De-compression. Transfer of user plane data i.e. the PDCP SDUs received from evolved packet core. Ciphering. Duplicate detection of lower layer PDUs. In sequence delivery of upper layer PDUs

 Broadcast of system information. Paging. Establishment, maintenance and release of RRC connection between UE and E-UTRAN
Allocation of temporary identifiers between UE and E-UTRAN Configuration of signaling radio bearers for RRC connection.

Establishment, configuration, maintenance and release of point to point radio bearers. Security functions including key management. UE measurement control and reporting handling. NAS direct transfer message handling. QoS management functions Mobility handling
Inter cell [ including inter-RAT ] UE cell selection and re-selection control

X2-AP
Signaling Support for Mobility Signaling to create GTP-U tunnel

GTPv2-C
User Tunnel Management (e.g. Create Bearer Request) Mobility Management Messages (Forward Relocation Request)

S1-AP
E-RAB Management NAS Message Transfer Paging Handover Signaling Configuration exchange

GTP-U
User Plane Tunneling One tunnel per QoS class per UE

NAS
Attach, Detach, tracking Area Update Authentication and Security Procedure Paging Procedures Default and Dedicated bearer establishment Bearer Management

Diameter
Authentication and Security Policy Control Charging

FDM

Multi Carrier

Orthogonal

Assignment of Different number of sub-carriers to different users (to support differentiated QoS) Highly suitable for broadband wireless networks, due to advantages including scalability and MIMO-friendliness and ability to take advantage of channel frequency selectivity.

High Data Rate

Less Transmit Power Requirement

Peak to Average Power Ratio (PAPR) Proportional to number of Subcarrier PAPR(dB) proportional to10log(N) where N is the number of sub-carriers Peak Clipping Power Leakage causing distortion Peak Cancellation. Reduces System Capacity

SC-FDMA - Single Carrier Frequency Division Multiple Access

Modified form of OFDMA and has similar throughput performance and essentially the same overall complexity as OFDMA. Like OFDM, SC-FDMA also consists on subcarriers but it transmits on subcarriers in sequence not in parallel which is the case in OFDM , which prevents power fluctuations in SC-FDMA signals i.e. low PAPR

OFDMA transmits the four QPSK data symbols in parallel, one per subcarrier, SC-FDMA transmits the four QPSK data symbols in series at four times the rate, with each data symbol occupying N x 15 kHz bandwidth. Visually, the OFDMA signal is clearly multicarrier and the SC-FDMA signal looks more like single-carrier, which explains the SC in its name.

Multiple Input Multiple Output (MIMO) - Essential part of LTE to achieve the ambitious requirements for throughput and spectral efficiency - Refers to the use of multiple antennas at transmitter and receiver side.
Allows to transmit different streams of data simultaneously on the same downlink resource block(s) Can be SU-MIMO or MU-MIMO
SU-MIMO increases the data rate of one user, MUMIMO allows to increase the overall capacity

Spatial Multiplexing

Transmit Diversity

Allows to transmit same stream of data through different transmitter Effective during bad resource condition

Note Uplink MIMO scheme is pretty different than Downlink

The radio resource block can be seen as a frequency-time grid. Frequency domain is divided into sub-carriers, where each subcarrier spans 15 KHz.

One sub-band is comprised of 12 sub-carriers.

Time domain can be divided into slots which has duration of 0.5ms. One sub-frame consists on 2 time slots and has duration of 1ms and 1 frame is consisted on 10 subframe and thus it spans for 10ms (10 * 2 * 0.5ms). Minimized radio resource block that can be allocated on both uplink and downlink is called sub-band and contains 12 sub-carriers transmitted in one time slot (0.5ms). Thus, minimum allowable spectrum is 180 KHz.

Type 1
For FDD 10 sub-frames exist for UL as well as for DL for Allocation. For TDD

Type 2
10 sub-frames exist for UL & DL.

8 or 9 sub-frames are available for allocations.

Frame Consists of 20 slots of 0.5 ms each Subframe consists of two consecutive slots Concept of Resource Block [ 12 sub-carrier/per slot] FDD
One radio frame, Tf = 307200Ts=10 ms One slot, Tslot = 15360Ts = 0.5 ms #0 #1 #2 #3 #18 #19

One subframe

One downlink slot Tslot

DL N symb OFDM symbols

DL RB N RB N sc

Resource Block - consecutive SC-FDMA 1 symbols in the time domain and consecutive sub carriers in the frequency domain Resource block
resource elements

DL RB N symb N sc

DL RB subcarriers N RB N sc

RB subcarriers N sc

Resource element ( k , l )

Resource Element - A single modulated symbol

k 0

l 0

DL N symb

Control Channels - Used for transfer of control plane information

Broadcast Control Channel

BCCH DL channel for broadcasting system control information

Paging Control Channel

PCCH

A DL channel that transfers paging information and system information change notifications

Common Control Channel

CCCH

Channel for transmitting control information between UEs and network. (UEs having no RRC connection with the network)

Multicast Control Channel

MCCH

A point-to-multipoint DL channel used for transmitting MBMS control information from the network to the UE, for one or several MTCHs

Dedicated Control Channel

DCCH

A point-to-point bi-directional channel that transmits dedicated control information between a UE and the network. Used by UEs having an RRC connection.

Traffic Channels - Used for the transfer of user plane information only
Dedicated Traffic Channel

DTCH

Point-to-point channel, dedicated to one UE, for the transfer of user information (UL/DL) Multicast Traffic Channel

MTCH

Point-to-multipoint downlink channel for transmitting traffic data from the network to the UE

Paging Channel

PCH

Broadcasts the paging message in entire area of the cell Broadcast Channel

BCH

Fixed, pre-defined transport format Broadcasts in the entire coverage area of the cell Multicast Channel

MCH Supports MBSFN combining of MBMS transmission on multiple cells

Downlink Shared Channel Share the System Information, Control message as well as UE Data

DLSCH

Supports dynamic link adaptation by varying the modulation, coding and transmit power
Random Access Channel

RACH Timing Alignment, Uplink Grant and initial access ULSCH

Uplink Shared Channel Share the UE specific user data

 Physical Downlink Shared Channel

PDSC H PDCC H

Carries DL-SCH and PCH QPSK, 16-QAM and 64-QAM Modulation Physical Downlink Control Channel Informs UE about resource allocation of PCH/DL-SCH. Carries the uplink scheduling grant QPSK Modulation

Physical Hybrid ARQ Indicator Channel

PHICH Carries Hybrid ARQ ACK/NACK for the uplink transmission PCFIC Carries the size of PDCCH H
Physical Broadcast Channel

Physical Control Format Indicator Channel

PBCH

Carries the Master Information Block QPSK Modulation Physical Multicast Channel

PMCH

Carries the MCH QPSK, 16QAM and 64QAM Modulation

Physical Random Access Channel

PRACH

Carries the random access preamble

Physical Uplink Shared Channel

Carries the UL-SCH

PUSCH

QPSK, 16QAM and 64QAM Modulation

Physical Uplink Control Channel Carries Hybrid ARQ ACK/NACK for the downlink transmission Carries Scheduling Request

PUCCH

Carries CQI Reporting BPSK and QPSK Modulation

Signaling Radio Bearers (SRBs) - Radio Bearers (RB) used only for the transmission of RRC and NAS messages

SRB0 is for RRC messages using the CCCH logical channel; SRB1 is for RRC messages (which may include a piggybacked NAS message) as well as for NAS messages prior to the establishment of SRB2, all using DCCH logical channel; SRB2 is for NAS messages, using DCCH logical channel. SRB2 has a lower-priority than SRB1 and is always configured by EUTRAN after security activation

SRB 0 (RRC Connection Request followed by RACH

SRB 1 (After RRC Connection Setup (CRNTI, Idle to Active)) SRB 2 (After Security is enabled)

RRC_IDLE

RRC_CONNECTED
Signaling radio bearer established i.e. RRC connection is established. Further characterized as follows
Transfer of data to/from an UE
Mobility, i.e. handover and cell change order with network assistance to other RAT.

No signaling radio bearer is established i.e. no RRC connection is established The UE:
Monitors a paging channel to detect incoming calls
Performs neighboring cell measurements and measurement reporting Acquires system information

The UE:
Monitors control channels associated with the shared data channel to determine if data is scheduled for it Provides channel quality and feedback information. Performing neighboring cell measurements and reporting. Acquires system information.

The Primary synchronisation sequence is a particular sequence based on the root index . There are three primary synchronisation sequences. The Primary synchronisation sequence requires 62 resource elements. Slot 0 Slot 10 Last symbol of slot Frequency Axis Subframe 0

Centre DC sub-carrier

Time Axis

Subframe 5

The Secondary synchronisation sequence identifies the Physical layer cell ID group and is based upon primary synchrinisation sequence. There are 168 secondary synchronisation sequences. The Secondary sequence is also requires 62 resource elements. Slot 0 Slot 10 Second last symbol of slot Frequency Axis Subframe 0

Centre DC sub-carrier

Time Axis

Subframe 5

The LTE cell search involves the following : Acquire Frequency and Symbol synchronization to a cell Acquire Frame Timing of the cell [ start of Downlink Frame ] Determine the Physical layer cell identity of the cell
eNB

The successful PSS signal decode achieves the following :

Physical layer Cell Identity within the Cell-identity group Timing of the slot and thus also the position of SSS [Fixed offset ]
The successful SSS signal decode achieves the following :

Physical layer cell identity group Frame Timing

Contention based RACH procedure After UE is synchronized with the network in the Downlink direction and it needs to synchronize in the Uplink direction RACH is common in FDD and TDD 1. UE provides an indication to the network about it's resource requirement. This carries the Preamble ID, RA-RNTI, TA, SFN 2. eNB conveys the Timing Advance (TA), Preamble ID and T-CRNTI 3. UE sends the RRC connection Request using resources given by the eNB. It also sends the identifier to the eNB which is used to resolve the Contention. 4. Permanently link C-RNTI for the UE till the connection is alive. The eNB sends the UE identifier. In this step, the UE which has received the ID continues while other UE's will try again.

UE Identities
IMEI and IMSI S-TMSI (MME Assigned)

Network Identities
MME Group Identity (MMEGI) MME Code (MMEC) Global Unique MME Identifier (GUMMEI) Tracking Area Identifier PLMN Identifier

M-TMSI (MME Assigned)

Globally Unique Temporary Identity

Assignment of UE Identifiers

Manufacturer Assigned
IMEI

Service Provider Assigned

IMSI

EPS Assigned

eNodeB: RRC Connection

CRNTI

MME: Initial Attach

GUTI

PGW: PDN Connection

IP Address

When contacting the network, the mobile sends the GUTI GUTI Contains GUMMEI GUMMEI identify the MME the mobile was last registered with EPC sends request last registered MME to re-establish the communication session If UE has reselected from a UMTS cell to an LTE cell, a TAU is made and since the mobile does not have a GUTI, the P-TMSI is sent instead. This way, the newly assigned MME can contact the 3G SGSN to request the subscribers current profile (IP address, PDP contexts, etc.) If UE has reselected from an LTE cell to a UMTS or GPRS cell, GUTI is sent in the P-TMSI parameter and the procedure is referred to as Routing Area Update (RAU) instead of TAU.

The Default bearer is setup/Activated during attach procedures. The IPv4 address may be allocated during default bearer setup. The IP address allocation during attach procedure is optional for the UE. Otherwise DHCPv4 is used for IPv4 address allocation and parameter configurations.

The same IP address shall also be used for other dedicated bearers for the default PDN-GW.
Generally the allocated IP address provides services through a PDN-GW. The IPv6 is only allocated after attach procedures.

IP Address Allocation
IPv4 allocation during Default Bearer Setup Static Dynamic IETF based IP Address allocation after Default Bearer Setup

IPv4 address allocation via DHCP4

IPv6 prefix via IPv6 stateless address auto configuration

UE

eNB

MME

S-GW

HSS

P-GW

RRC connection Request RRC connection Setup RRC connection Setup Complete [Attach Request [PDN connectivity Request]] Initial UE message [NAS] Authentication info. request Authentication info. answer DL info. transfer [NAS] Downlink NAS message [Authentication Request]

UL info. transfer [Authentication Response] Uplink NAS message [NAS] DL info. transfer [NAS] UL info. transfer [Security Mode Complete] Downlink NAS message [Security Mode Command]

Uplink NAS message [NAS]

Update Location Request

UE

eNB

MME

S-GW

HSS

P-GW

Update Location Answer Create Session Request Create Session Request Create Session Response Create Session Response

RRC Security Mode Command

RRC Security Mode Complete RRC connection Reconfig. Request [NAS] RRC connection Reconfig. Complete

Initial Context Setup Request [Attach Accept [ Activate default EPS Bearer Context Request]]

Initial Context Setup Response

UE

eNB

MME

S-GW

HSS

P-GW

UL info. transfer [Attach Complete [ Activate default EPS Bearer context accept]]

Uplink NAS message [NAS]

Modify Bearer Request Modify Bearer Request Modify Bearer Response Modify Bearer Response

UE

eNB

MME

S-GW

HSS

P-GW

UL info. transfer [ Detach Request]

Uplink NAS message Delete Session Request [NAS]

Delete Session Request

Delete Session Response Delete Session Response Down-link NAS message [ Detach Accept ] UE Context Release Command RRC Connection Release

DL info. transfer [ NAS]

UE Context Release Complete

Notify Request Notify Response

UE

eNB

MME

S-GW

HSS

P-GW

UL info. transfer [ Bearer Resource Allocation Request]

Uplink NAS message Bearer Resource Command [NAS] Bearer Resource Command
Create Bearer Request Create Bearer Request SAE Bearer Setup Request [ Activate dedicated EPS Bearer Context Request]

RRC Connection Reconfig. Request [ NAS] RRC Connection Reconfig. Complete

SAE Bearer Setup Response

UL info. transfer [ Activate dedicated EPS Bearer Uplink NAS message Context Accept] Create Bearer Response [NAS] Create Bearer Response

UE

S-eNB

T-eNB

MME

HSS

Measurement are enabled by RRC procedures

Measurement Report Handover Request [RRC]

RRC connection Reconfig.

Handover Request Ack [RRC]

RRC connection Re-config. Complete Path Switch Request Path Switch Response

UE

S-eNB

T-eNB

MME

HSS

Measurement are enabled by RRC procedures

Measurement Report Handover Required [RRC] Handover Request [RRC] Handover Request Ack. [RRC] Handover Command [RRC]

RRC connection Reconfig.

RRC connection Re-config. Complete

Handover Notify

RLCs
SRB0 TM TM TM CCCHs BCCH

RLCs
SRB0 TM PCCH TM TM

CCCHs BCCH

Mac

Mac

BCH

RACH ULSCH

RACH

PRACH +PUCCH +PUSCH

ULSCH

PCH BCH

DLSCH

PBCCH +PDCCH +DLSCH +PHICH + PCFICH

DLSCH

Air Interface Pipe

RLCs
SRB0 TM TM TM CCCHs BCCH DCCHs DTCH SRB1 SRB2 DRB1 AM AM AM TM PCCH TM

RLCs
SRB0 SRB1 SRB2 DRB1 TM AM AM AM

BCCH CCCHs DCCHs DTCH

Mac

Mac

BCH

RACH ULSCH

RACH

PRACH +PUCCH +PUSCH

ULSCH

PCH BCH

DLSCH

PBCCH +PDCCH +DLSCH +PHICH + PCFICH

DLSCH

Air Interface Pipe

QCI

Resource Type

Priority

Packet Delay Budget 100 ms

Packet Error Loss Rate 10-2

Example Services

Conversational Voice

2
GBR 3 4 5 6

4
3 5 1 6

150 ms
50 ms 300 ms 100 ms 300 ms

10-3
10-3 10-6 10-6 10-6

Conversational Video (Live Streaming)

Real Time Gaming Non-Conversational Video (Buffered Streaming) IMS Signalling Video (Buffered Streaming) TCP-based (e.g., www, e-mail, chat, ftp, p2p file sharing, progressive video, etc.) Voice, Video (Live Streaming) Interactive Gaming Video (Buffered Streaming) TCP-based (e.g.,www, e-mail, chat, ftp, p2p file sharing, progressive video, etc.)

7 Non-GBR 8

100 ms

10-3

300 ms

10-6

End to End VOIP call with IMS core using SIP signaling. CS fall-back using the underlay technology Network. VOLGA based (Voice over LTE via Generic Access)

There are mainly two types of handover techniques being considered

Un-optimized : There is no pre-preparation in the target access network Optimized : There is pre-preparation in the target access network

Only optimized handover is being considered for handover between LTE and CDMA 2000 Accesses.

Hemanth Kumar Sonti