LEARNING OUTCOMES

CONTENTS

ACTIVITIES

At the end of lesson, students should be able to: state the characteristics of pure substances describe the different methods of purification of substances relate the characteristics of substances to the methods of purification used explain with examples the methods of purification used to produce substances used in daily life

Pure substance Characteristic of pure substances Methods of purification

Selecting methods of Purification

Pure substance
Pure substance is a substance that is made up of only one substance.
Example: Distilled water contains only O molecules of water Pure oxygen gas contains only molecules of oxygen H H

H O

Characteristic of pure substances

Do not mix with other substances and does not contain any impurities (bendasing). Has fixed melting and boiling point. Examples: melting and boiling point for pure water is 0 oC and 100 oC. The presence of impurities will affect the melting and boiling point that is reduce melting points of ice but increase the boiling point of water.

Methods of purification
Purification is a process of separating substances in a mixture to obtain a pure substance There are too many ways or methods of purification and it is depends on the physical properties of substances that mixed. Two common methods for purification are: Distillation (Penyulingan) Crystallization (Penghabluran)

Distillation is a way of obtaining pure solvent from a solution. Crystalisation is a way to separate insoluble (tidak larut) solid from soluble (larut) solid by using filtration.
example: mixture of sand and salt

Purification by Distillation
1.
2.

3.
4.

5.

The mixtures of substances that have different boiling point are filled into round bottom flask. The mixture is heated then the gas produce is flow through Liebig condenser. Liebig condenser is used to cool and condensed the gas into liquid. The pure substance that has a lower boiling point comes out first from Liebig condenser. While the substance with higher boiling point still remain in the flask. The beaker used to collect pure substance is take out and the heating is stopped.
Page 96_text book

Thermometer Liebig condenser

Round bottom flask

Bunsen burner

Purification by Crystallization
Mixture Water Mixture of sand and salt 1 Add water to mixture 2 Filter the mixture Residue (sand) Salt solution

Salt Salt solution 4 Leave to cool 3 Heat and filtrate until it is saturated

Selecting methods of Purification

Refer page 97 in text book

The End