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These slides incorporate figures from Digital Design

Principles and Practices, third edition, by John F.


Wakerly, Copyright 2000, and are used by permission.
NO permission is given to re-use or publish these
figures, in either original or modified form, in printed,
electronic or any other format.
Slide Set 13

Random access memory


Read-Only Memories

• Program storage
– Boot ROM for personal computers
– Complete application storage for embedded
systems.
Two-dimensional decoding
Modern chips use transistors to pull down lines:
Larger example, 32Kx8 ROM
EEPROM:
Typical commercial EEPROMs
Microprocessor EPROM
application
ROM
contro
l and
I/O
signal
s
ROM timing
Read/Write Memories
• a.k.a. “RAM” (Random Access
Memory)
• Volatility
– Most RAMs lose their memory when
power is removed
– NVRAM = RAM + battery
– Or use EEPROM
• SRAM (Static RAM)
– Memory behaves like latches or flip-flops
• DRAM (Dynamic Memory)
– Memory lasts only for a few milliseconds
– Must “refresh” locations by reading or
writing
SRAM
SRAM operation
• Individual bits are D latches, not
edge-triggered D flip-flops.
– Fewer transistors per cell.
• Implications for write operations:
– Address must be stable before writing
cell.
– Data must be stable before ending a
write.
SRAM
array
SRAM
control
lines

• Chip select
• Output
enable
• Write enable
SRAM read timing
• Similar to ROM read timing
SRAM write timing

• Address must be stable before and


after
write-enable is asserted.
• Data is latched on trailing edge of
(WE & CS).
Bidirectional data in and out
pins

• Use the same data pins for reads and


writes
– Especially common on wide devices
– Makes sense when used with
microprocessor buses (also bidirectional)
emory read (assuming CS_L is always asserted):
load MAR from bus appears

load MAR from bus disappears


OE_L asserted

load MBR from memory appears

load MBR disappears


OE_L disappears

MAR has memory address MBR has data


emory write (assuming CS_L is always asserted):
load MAR from bus appears
load MBR from bus appears
enable MBR to memory appears
load MAR from BUS disappears
WE_L appears
load MBR disappears
WE_L disappears

MBR has data


MAR has memory address
SRAM
devices
• Similar to ROM
packages

28-pin DIPs 32-pin DIPs


Synchronous
SRAMs
• Use latch-type
SRAM cells
internally
• Put registers in
front of address
and control (and
maybe data) for
easier interfacing
with synchronous
systems at high
speeds
• E.g., Pentium
cache RAMs
DRAM (Dynamic RAMs)
• SRAMs typically use six transistors
per bit of storage.
• DRAMs use only one
transistor per bit:
• 1/0 = capacitor
charged/discharged
DRAM read operations

– Precharge bit line to VDD/2.


– Take the word line HIGH.
– Detect whether current flows into or out of
the cell.
– Note: cell contents are destroyed by the
read!
– Must write the bit value back after reading.
DRAM write operations

– Take the word line HIGH.


– Set the bit line LOW or HIGH to store 0 or 1.
– Take the word line LOW.

– Note: The stored charge for a 1 will


eventually leak off.
DRAM charge leakage

• Typical devices require each cell to be


refreshed once every 4 to 64 mS.
• During “suspended” operation,
notebook computers use power mainly
for DRAM refresh.
DRAM-chip internal
organization
64K x 1
DRAM
multiplex 16-bit address
as 8-bit row selector
and 8-bit column selector
RAS/CAS operation
• Row Address Strobe, Column Address
Strobe
– n address bits are provided in two steps
using n/2 pins, referenced to the falling
edges of RAS_L and CAS_L
– Traditional method of DRAM operation for
20 years.
– Now being supplanted by synchronous,
clocked interfaces in SDRAM
(synchronous DRAM).
DRAM read timing
DRAM refresh timing
DRAM write timing

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