Chemical Engineering Thermodynamics-II Project

Group members
Anum Yousuf Khan
Arooj Fatima Fatima Khalid

Hiba Mujeeb
Imtisal-e-Noor Rida Altaf Syed Shahrukh Madni Taibah Jaffery

Introduction
This presentation elaborates upon some

nonconventional methods of gas liquefaction. The most widely used methods are applications of Lindes and Claudes cycle, however over time various variations have brought about improvements in yield and efficiency.

By: Syed Shahrukh Madni

Introduction
Thermoacoustic liquefiers convert gas to liquid using sound waves.
This process relies on Thermoacoustic heat

engines, which rely on sound to perform heat exchange.

Thermoacoustic heat engines have almost no

moving parts which makes them more reliable.

Components
A Thermoacoustic liquefier consists of
three heat exchangers a pulse tube refrigerator arranged in a network of piping

and filled with pressurized helium.

The only moving part is the helium in the pipes and the only energy expended is the input heat

provided.

Working
In the engine, one heat exchanger is heated to roughly 700C (1300F), a second heat exchanger is held at ambient temperature, and a third, between the other two, is thermally floating.
The input heat sets up a temperature gradient across the heat exchangers, which produces an oscillating pressure wave in the helium gas. This oscillating wave drives the pulse tube refrigerator producing refrigeration power at cryogenic temperatures

Applications
Currently, it is only being used for natural gas

liquefaction. But it has the scope for being used for the liquefaction of system gases in the industry. It can also be used for mobile liquefaction facilities for offshore oil rigs.

By Hiba Mujeeb

Importance of liquefied hydrogen

Hydrogen energy for a fuel cell society is ever-

increasing. Technology for hydrogen infrastructure consists of:

preparation transportation storage utilization

Based on Thermo Siphon Method

Liquefaction principle of magnetic refrigerator based

on thermo-siphon method. a method of passive heat exchange based on natural convection, which circulates liquid without the necessity of a mechanical pump.

Magnetic refrigeration
This method makes use of the magneto caloric effect.
This effect causes magnetic materials:

to become warm by magnetizing and to cool by demagnetizing the magnetic field

An efficient method

Cooling cycle closely follows Carnot's cycle

Process

Properties of magnetic refrigerants

The magnetic refrigerants are required to have

relatively large entropy change at:

Liquefaction temperature of hydrogen Hydrogen resistance.

Advantages
It was found that the condensation efficiency

accomplished 90% Carnot

The liquefaction power at atmospheric pressure was

25.3 W

By Arooj Fatima

Challenge of Helium Liquefaction

Helium is one of the most difficult (i.e., expensive)

gases to liquefy because the maximum inversion temperature for helium is only (-229C). Before the Collins Helium Cryostat, every lowtemperature laboratory had to build its own lowtemperature apparatus using liquid hydrogen, a devious and dangerous material. Because every device was unique and expensive, there were only a few cryogenic laboratories throughout the world

Introduction
In 1946, Dr. Collins and his colleagues at MIT built

what became know as the Collins Helium Cryostat. This was a modification of the basic Claude liquefier. The device provided for the first time reliable, relatively in expensive and adequate supplies of liquid helium. This makes it possible to produce liquid helium without the aid of external coolants. Professor Collins' achievement revolutionized cryogenics. Its commercial introduction made helium liquefaction accessible and economic.

Process
Helium gas is compressed to 1275 kPa and passed through

the first heat exchanger. After leaving the first heat exchanger, a portion (about 16%) of the stream is bypassed through the first expander. The gas temperature at the expander inlet is between (248 to 229C). The remainder of the helium gas flows through the second heat exchanger, and leaves the exchanger at about ( 252C). A fraction (about 56%) of this stream is by passed through a second expander after the helium has passed through a third exchanger

Process The remaining flow passes

through two more exchangers and expands through the J-T valve, in which a portion of the stream is liquefied. The vapor formed is returned to provide cooling for the incoming gas stream. Liquid nitrogen pre-cooling is usually used to improve the liquid yield and offset some of the heat exchangers inefficiencies.

By Imtisal-e-Noor

Introduction
Process is developed by IFP and Axens.
Uses simple and reliable technologies. Easy to operate .

Able to cope with isolated or harsh climate regions.

With Liquefin, very high capacities can be reached

with a simple scheme and standard compressors.

PROCESS DESCRIPTION
Pre refrigeration cycle. Pre-refrigeration achieved by using a mixed

refrigerant. The temperature is decreased down to a range of -50C to-80C. Mixed refrigerant completely condensed, no phase separation is necessary moreover the quantity of cryogenic refrigerant is substantially reduced As the result, the overall required power is decreased.

Significant Advantage
The possibility to use directly the full power provided

by the selected drivers For example, Liquefin can adapt to a half/half power balance between the two cycles for two identical gas turbines, But also to a one-third/two third power balance in case of three identical gas turbines.

Unconventional features of liquefin:

No integrated cascade
A balanced power A compact heat-exchange line

Liquid turbines
Reduction of air condenser size

By Fatima Khalid

Importance of Liquefied Helium

Helium as a super fluid shows characteristics such as

heat conduction and zero viscosity.

Mechanism of Method
Compression in compression pump
Cooling in coils Collected after passing through nozzle

Cooling by Joule -Thomson Effect

Claudes Process
Kapitzas method is a modification of the Claudes

Process.

By Taibah Jaffery

Introduction A new technology relating to cryogenic engineering

Based on the adiabatic cooling of swirling gas flow in a

supersonic nozzle

Enthalpy converted to kinetic energy which is later

reused increase pressure

Working
Reduction of stream static pressure and temperature by adiabatic gas expansion to supersonic velocity Laval nozzle accelerates the gas to supersonic speed by forming subsonic, critical and supersonic zones Condensation of gas with formation of droplets

occurs due to the resulting cryogenic temperature Further condensation in working section having a wall Centrifugal effects of swirl velocity separate droplets from the unliquefied gas Inlet diameter > 5(throat dia) Convergent section length >= throat diameter

Design

Axially Positioned in Series are:

Prechamber
Gas flow whirling means Subsonic or supersonic Liquid phase extracting

nozzle Working segment

means Subsonic diffuser or the combination of a supersonic and the subsonic diffuser

Applications and Advantages

Liquefaction of natural gas
Separation of one or more gases from a gas mixture Pilot test facilities have shown 10-20% lesser

compressor power requirements than the JouleThomson valve and turbo-expander

By Anum Khan

Need and Advantage

efficient when refrigeration required over a large

temperature range such as ambient to cryogenic provide a less complicated multiple circuit arrangement whereby industrial gas may undergo large temperature changes operates with a relatively lower power input requirement than available multiple refridgeration circuits

How it works?
Compressing, followed by condensing a gaseous azeotropic mixture

Expanding a first portion of the condensed azeotropic mixture to generate refrigeration, and vaporizing it Sub cooling a second portion of the condensed azeotropic mixture and expanding the subcooled azeotropic mixture second portion to generate high level refrigeration.

 Vaporizing the high level refrigeration bearing

azeotropic mixture second portion Expanding the cooled compressed refrigerant fluid to generate low level refrigeration Warming the low level refrigeration bearing refrigerant fluid

By Rida Altaf

The natural gas flowing in through line 1 is cooled, then expanded in turbine T1. The liquid at the bottom of drum D2 is the liquefied natural gas. The gas at the top of drum D2 is compressed by compressor K1, then fed into the treating plant using a Fischer-Tropsch process to convert the natural gas to natural gas liquid.

Process Steps
Distillation
Liquefaction Expanding

Compressing
Expansion Conversion by fisher tropsch process
The FischerTropsch process, or FischerTropsch synthesis, is a collection of chemical reactions that converts a mixture of carbon monoxide and hydrogen into liquid hydrocarbons.

Why we need new methods?

The liquefaction of industrial gas is a power intensive

operation. Typically the industrial gas is liquefied by indirect heat exchange with a refrigerant. Such a system, while working well for providing refrigeration over a relatively small temperature range from ambient, is not as efficient when refrigeration over a large temperature range, such as from ambient to a cryogenic temperature, is required.

Conclusion
Basically the following factors determine which

method is suitable:
specific conditions economic situation space limitations degree of performance required

Most of these methods have been designed to cater a

specific need that is not met by conventional methods