Issues With Renewable Penetration And Mitigation Methodologies

Presented by:

Vaibhav Gholase(133070041) Nimish Kothari(123076002)

Introduction
Shortfall of renewable energy sources Effects of high penetration of intermittent resources Potential PV penetration problems and solution Islanding related issues Problems related to Passive Techniques Possible Islanding solutions

Future scope

Background and Motivation

Heavy increment in renewables in recent years Higher capacity plants are being set up Existing grids not designed for high penetration and facing problems Increase in decentralized generations increases protection issues Normal Islanding methods non-economical and non-reliable Few active methods degrade power quality

Motivation: Islanding techniques having high reliability, no power

degradation, economical and easy to implement

Shortfall of Renewable Energy Sources[1]

Capacity factors in the range of 10 20 % No dispatch capability without storage. Ultra-fast ramping regulations required No reactive power and voltage support capability. No Low-Voltage-Ride-Through (LVRT) capability Power quality may not comply IEEE-519 and other standards.

[1] Johan H.R. Enslin, Network Impacts of High Penetration of Photovoltaic Solar Power Systems, IEEE PES General Meeting. Pp. 15, 2010.

Effects of High Penetration of Intermittent Resources [1]

Reverse Power flow Poor Power Quality Increased Short circuit Current Transient Stability Issue Electromagnetic Transients Protection & Islanding Power leveling and energy balancing

Potential PV Penetration Problems: [2]

Require fast ramping regulation services Ramping regulation too slow and is polluting much more Normally regulation requirement 1% of peak load dispatch 2% for 20% penetration 4% for 33% penetration Regulation services counteract the emissions savings

*2+Quanta Technology White Paper: Grid Impacts and Solutions of Renewables at High Penetration Levels, June 2009, www.quantatechnology.com.

Potential PV Penetration Problems:[3]

According to IEEE Standard 1547: Distributed Resources (DR) shall not actively regulate voltage at PCC Most DE operate at unity power factor. Result in low power factor at the PCC

It is beneficial to regulate VARs at a local level

[3] M. Y. Vaziri et al., Volt/VAr regulation and issues with high penetration of renewables on distribution systems,. 2012 IEEE 13th International Conference on IRI, Pp. 519 - 524

Potential PV Penetration Problems:[4]

Reactive power limitations on failure of conventional generators Entire DG capacity can not be used

[4]D. Gaikwad and S. Mehraeen, "Reactive power considerations in reliability analysis of photovoltaic systems," IEEE Green Technologies Conference, pp.1-6, 19-20 April 2012.

Potential PV Penetration Problems:

Consider a simplified equivalent circuit of distribution line with PV as DG connected system :
L

Zg Eg Zl Vt

IPV

Vt

Zl (Eg + Z g . I PV ) Zl Z g

voltage profile over the line is governed by the generator terminal voltage and PV penetration level

1.1 1.08

Without PV and full load

OLTC 1.06

Step Voltage Regulator

Primary Feeder Voltage Service Entrance Voltage Primary Feeder Voltage limits Service Entrance Voltage limits

1.04 1.02 1 0.98 0.96 0.94 0.92 0.9 0 1 2A2B 3 Feeder 4 5 6 With high PV and light load Step Voltage Regulator OLTC Switch Capacitor

Voltage (p.u.)

Voltage profiles show contradictory nature, the line voltage increases as move away from the point of supply feeder

Voltage Profile at feeders B11 to B17. B11 being the closest to substation and B17 the farthest
Voltage (pu) without DG Voltage (pu) with DG

Fig: Courtesy[5]

Possible solution : Proper placement of PV sources

Proper placement of DG reduce active and reactive power demand Dependent on system PF

Expected Energy Not Supplied (EENS) with different placements of PV in IEEE 14bus system (without PV EENS_P was 21939MWH/yr)

Fig.(a) at PF=0.9 Courtesy[4]

Fig.(b) at PF=0.85 Courtesy[4]

Possible solution: STATCOM-BESS[1]

voltage support improved low voltage ride through (LVRT) Fast regulation Battery Energy Storage System(BESS) make PV power cost effective. avoided cost in the delay of upgrading the transmission line reduction of peaker generator plant maintenance costs

Pollution free solution Minimization of Curtailments of a remote PV solar

Possible solution: Voltage control by PV Inverters

Inherent capability of inverters to supply reactive power can provide 46% KVAr even while supplying rated KW voltage profile tightly coupled with reactive power

Islanding Related Issues..

Introduction
Islanding :- A portion of an area EPS that is still energized after grid failure Unintentional Islanding :- DR interconnecting the PCC cease to energize the area EPS (IEEE Std 1547-2003 4.4.1) Intentional Islanding:- DR can energize local load with rest of grid isolated by disconnect switch (IEEE 1547.4) Necessity of Islanding detection Standards: Quality factor(Q) = 1 (IEEE 1547), Q = 2.5(IEEE 929-2000) OUF= f+1.5 & f-1.5 OUV= 110% & 88% of nominal voltage Testing condition :- f = f0 (resonance frequency of RLC) [2]
6.Ku Nurul Edhura Ku Ahmadn, JeyrajSelvaraj, Nasrudin AbdRah ,A review of the islanding detection methods in gridconnected PV inverters ,Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews 21 (2013) 7.IEEE Standard 929-2000: IEEE Recommended practice for utility interface of photovoltaic (PV) systems.

NDZ of passive methods

[3]

* NDZ should be reduced for effective detection of Islanding

8.Fei Wang, Zengqiang Mi, Passive Islanding Detection Method for Grid Connected PV System, International Conference on Industrial and Information Systems,2009.

Islanding Detection Techniques

Grid Resident Methods

Fig 1: SPD

Fig 2: PLCC based technique

Fig 3: External capacitor Switching

Inverter Resident Methods

PLL based Islanding detection [4]

9.Fei Wang, M. Ciobotaru, V. Agelidis and R. Teodorescu, Accurate and Less-Disturbing Active Anti-islanding Method based on PLL for Grid-Connected PV Inverters, Power Electronics Specialists Conference, 2008. PESC 2008.

GEFS [10]

10. Grid Converters For Photovoltaic And Wind Power Systems by Remus Teodorescu, Marco Liserre and Pedro Rodrguez.

Thank you

References
[1] Johan H.R. Enslin, Network Impacts of High Penetration of Photovoltaic Solar Power Systems, IEEE PES General Meeting. Pp. 15, 2010. *2+Quanta Technology White Paper: Grid Impacts and Solutions of Renewables at High Penetration Levels, June 2009, www.quantatechnology.com. [3] M. Y. Vaziri et al., Volt/VAr regulation and issues with high penetration of renewables on distribution systems,. 2012 IEEE 13th International Conference on IRI, Pp. 519 - 524 [4]D. Gaikwad and S. Mehraeen, "Reactive power considerations in reliability analysis of photovoltaic systems," IEEE Green Technologies Conference, pp.16, 19-20 April 2012. [5]S. Ali, N. Pearsall, et al., Impact of High Penetration Level of Grid-Connected Photovoltaic Systems on the UK Low Voltage Distribution Network, International Conference on Renewable Energies and Power Quality, Santiago de Compostela, 28-30 March 2012, pp. 1-4.

6.Ku Nurul Edhura Ku Ahmadn, JeyrajSelvaraj, Nasrudin AbdRah ,A review of the islanding detection methods in grid-connected PV inverters ,Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews 21 (2013) 7.IEEE Standard 929-2000: IEEE Recommended practice for utility interface of photovoltaic (PV) systems. 8.Fei Wang, Zengqiang Mi, Passive Islanding Detection Method for Grid Connected PV System, International Conference on Industrial and Information Systems,2009. 9.Fei Wang, M. Ciobotaru, V. Agelidis and R. Teodorescu, Accurate and LessDisturbing Active Anti-islanding Method based on PLL for Grid-Connected PV Inverters, Power Electronics Specialists Conference, 2008. PESC 2008. 10. Grid Converters For Photovoltaic And Wind Power Systems by Remus Teodorescu, Marco Liserre and Pedro Rodriguez.