Wireless and Mobile Network Architectures

Chapter 1 Introduction

Digital Media Lab. Jin-woo Bae

DIMA

Contents

Overview PCS architecture Cellular Telephony(high-tier digital cellular systems)

Advanced Mobil Phone Service(AMPS) Global system for Mobil Communications(GSM) EIA/TIA IS-139 Digital Cellular System EIA/TIA IS-95 Digital Cellular System CT2, DECT, PHS, PACS, Unlicensed System

Cordless Telephony and Low-tier PCS (low-tier DCS)

Third-Generation Wireless Systems Summary

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Overview

Personal communications services (PCS)

Variety of wireless access & mobility services provided any time, any place, any form Global System for Mobile Communication(GSM) Digital Advanced Mobile Phone Service(DAMPS)

High-tier digital cellular systems

IS-136 TDMA Based

Personal Digital Cellular(PDC) IS-95 CDMA-based cdmaOne System

CT2, DECT, PACS, PHS cdma2000, evolved from cdmaOne W-CDMA, proposed by Europe SCDMA, proposed by China/Europe

Low-tier telecommunication systems

Wideband wireless systems

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1.1 PCS Architecture

Two of the most popular

Cellular telephony Cordless and low-tier PCS telephony

consist of two parts

PSTN

Mobility DB

Radio Network

PCS mobile stations (MSs) base stations (BSs)

Mobile Switching Center Base station controller

Wireline Transport Network

PSTN mobile switching center (MSC)

Base station

Radio Network

The basic PCS network architecture

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1.2 cellular Telephony

1.2.1 Advanced Mobile Phone Service (AMPS)

Developed during the 1970s(first analog cellular system) Service has been available since 1983 832 full-duplex(50MHz band, FDMA)

824~849MHz(R) / 869~894MHz (T)

Different cluster frequency reuse

1.2.2 Global System for Mobile communications (GSM)

Developed by CEPT and ETSI(European countries) Combines TDMA and FDMA 13kbps speech coding include most features a digital switch can provide IS-41

Point-to Point short messaging, group addressing, call waiting

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1.2 cellular Telephony(cont)

1.2.3 EIA/TIA IS-136 Digital Cellular System

DAMPS, ADC, NA-TDMA, IS-54 IS-136 (IS-54 revision C(Renamed)) capacity is around three times that AMPS

Speech coding rate : 7.95kbps(AMPS : 30Kbps)

1.2.4 EIA/TIA IS-95 Digital Cellular System

Developed by Qualcomm Has been operating in the USA since 1996 Based on CDMA Bandwidth is 1.25MHz(narrow CDMA system) capacity is around ten times that AMPS

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1.2 cellular Telephony(cont)

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1.3 Cordless Telephony and Low-Tier PCS

1.3.1 Cordless Telephone, second Generation(CT2)

CT2 was developed in Europe (since 1989) 40 FDMA channels with a 32-Kbps rate Maximum transmit power is 10mW

1.3.2 Digital European Cordless Telephone(DECT)

Spec were published in 1992 Using TDMA(time slot transfer) 12 voice channels per frequency carrier Dynamic channel allocation Wireless-PBX PSTN

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1.3 Cordless Telephony and Low-Tier PCS(cont)

1.3.3 Personal Handy Phone System (PHS)

Developed by RCR Using TDMA 77channels with 300KHz bandwidth 40ch for public systems, 37ch for home/office app Dynamic channel allocation

1.3.4 Personal Access Communications System (PACS)

Developed by telcordia PACS is designed for wireless local loop

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1.4 Third-Generation Wireless Systems

High speed, wireless Internet access, and wireless multimedia service GPRS, EDGE Wideband CDMA, cdma2000 are major

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1.5 Summary
system Cell size High-tier cellular Large (0.4-22mi.) Low-tier pcs Medium (30-300ft.) Cordless Small (30-60ft.)

User speed Coverage area

Handset complexity Handset power consumption Speech coding rate Delay or latency

High (160mph) Large/continuous macrocells

High High (100-800mW) Low (8-13Kbps) High (600ms)

Medium (60mph) Medium micro and picocells

Low Low (5-10mW) High (32 Kbps) Low (10ms)

Low (30mph) Small/zonal picocells

Low Low (5-10 mW) High (32Kbps) Low (20ms)

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Chapter 2 Mobility Management

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Overview
Visitor Location Register Mobile Switching Center Home Location Register

VLR MSC

HLR

PSTN

Base Station

VLR MSC

Base Station

Handoff : when a Mobile user moves to another BS, old BS disconnect & new BS conversation Roaming : When a Mobile user moves to another PCS System informed of current location of the user

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2.1 Handoff

MCHO (Mobile Controlled Handoff)

MS , MS handoff DECT, PACS

NCHO (Network Controlled Handoff)

BS , MSC handoff CT-2, AMPS (analog cellular system )

MAHO (Mobile Assisted Handoff)

MS BS , MSC handoff IS-95 CDMA, GSM

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2.1.1 Inter-BS Handoff

MSC
x
Old BS Old BS New BS New BS

(a) Step 1:

MS BS

(b) Step 2 :

, MSC , MS . MS

(c) Step 3 : (d) Step 4 :

, MS .

, .

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2.1.1 Inter-BS Handoff(cont)

Channel assignment schemes

Reserved channel scheme

Similar to the nonprioritized scheme Some channels in each BS are reserved for handoff calls Overlapped area(handoff area) New BS buffers the handoff request in a waiting queue Creates a new channel for a handoff call by sharing resources with an existing call Divided into two channels at half the original rate Call / handoff request

Queueing priority scheme

Subrating scheme

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2.1.2 Intersystem Handoff

BS1

BS2

BS1

BS2

Base Stations

Base Stations

PSTN

MSC A

Trunk

MSC B

PSTN

MSC A

Trunk

MSC B

(a) Before the handoff

(b) After the handoff

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2.2 Roaming Management

MS registration procedure
Home Location Register :

Visitor Location Register

network database

NEW VLR
1 3

HLR

OLD VLR

Morristown, New Jersey

Los Angeles, California

New York City, New York

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2.2 Roaming Management(cont)

Call delivery procedure

PSTN 1

1 2

HLR 3

1 2
Routable Address

VLR

trunk(voice circuit)

MSC
3

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2.3 Roaming Management under SS7

SS7 is a Common channel signaling(CCS) system

CCS(Common Channel Signaling)

Provides control & management func. in the telephone network Consists of supervisory functions, addressing and call information provisioning Uses a separate out-of-band signaling network to carry signaling messages

SS7(Singalling System No. 7) Signaling between a PCS network and the PSTN are achieved by SS7 network

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2.3 Roaming Management under SS7(cont)

Signaling Links

STP
SCP

STP

HLR
(SCP)

SSP(Service Switching Point)

Perform call processing Relays SS7 messages Contains databases

STP(Signaling Transfer Point)

SSP

Trunk

MSC
PCN (PCS Network)

PSTN

SCP(Service Control Point)

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2.3.1 Roaming Management under SS7

Registration
5 4
deregistration

(HLR4) SCP

MIN? (Mobile Identification Number)

PST N Global Title Translation

reg. acknowledgement

STP2

2
PSTN

STP3

STP4

2
MSC1
SCP SCP (VLR2)

Registration query

PST table-lookup N MIN-to-HLR

MSC2

(VLR1)

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2.3.1 Roaming Management under SS7(cont)

Reduce the deregistration traffic

Implicit deregistration

Obsolete VLR records arent deleted until the database is full If the database is full, a record is deleted No deregistration messages MS periodically reregisters to the VLR Only creates local message traffic between MSC and VLR No SS7 signaling message are generated if the VLR is co-located with the MSC

Periodic re-registration

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2.3.1 Roaming Management under SS7(cont)

Reduce the registration traffic (a pointer forwarding scheme)

Move operation (registration)

A pointer is created from the old VLR to new VLR No registration to the HLR is required
SCP MSC (VLR)

SCP(VLR)

SCP MSC (VLR)

SCP MSC (VLR)

Find operation (call delivery)

After the find operation, the HLR points directly to destination VLR

SCP(VLR)

SCP SCP SCP MSC (VLR) MSC (VLR) MSC (VLR)

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2.3.2 Call Delivery

Call Delivery

Maintain the cache in the STP that performs GTTs

3
SCP
Global Title Translation

(HLR)

STP

1
PST N

STP3

1
PST N

STP

3 2
PST N

STP

MSC

SCP MSC (VLR)

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Roaming Management for CT2

Basic Public CT2 System (One-Way Calling)

Did not support call delivery CT2 control system

Bear the responsibility for monitoring and billing Be connected indirectly to the BSs through the PSTN

Utilized the paging system to provide call delivery

CT2 Control System

switch
BS

PSTN

BS

switch

switch
handset

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