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Lecture No.2
Body Water
Adult person contains ~60% of water, i.e. 70 kg weighting person 42 L 2/3 (~28 l) of body water is intracellular fluid ja 1/3 (~14 l) extracellular fluid 4/5 of extracellular fluid (~11 l) is interstitial fluid and 1/5 (~3 l ) the blood plasma Extracellular fluid also contains transcellular fluids: cerebrospinal fluid (CSF), secretions of exocrine glands, etc
Body Fluids
Glandular secretions, filtrates or composites of several simultaneously running processes Body fluids usually contain many components Body fluids have several functions based on their component properties.
Blood
Hematolology and many other special terms Blood has a holy reputation, other body fluids do not possess much importance but participates in homeostasis The maintenance of a relatively constant volume and a stable composition of blood is very essential in homeostasis. The total body fluid volume and the total amounts of solutes as well as their concentrations are relatively constant during steady state conditions, as required for homeostasis.
Blood Circulation
Hematocrit
The ratio of blood cells to total blood volume
Hematocrit
Hematocrit (PCV) is the percentage of the blood that is made up of red blood cells. It is normally 40-45 vol %) It is determined by centrifuging blood in a hematocrit tube (capillary tube) until the cells become tightly packed at the bottom of the tube. When the hematocrit and the quantity of the hemoglobin is each respective cell are normal, the blood contains an average 15 grams of Hgb in every 100 ml. Each gram of pure Hgb is capable of combining with approximately 1.39 ml of oxygen.
Composition of Blood
Blood Plasma
Blood plasma is the liquid portion of clotted blood 90-92% water 6-8% plasma proteins 1-2% heterogenic group of low molecular weight substances Because the plasma and interstitial fluids are separated only by highly permeable capillary membranes, their ionic compositions are similar. The most important difference between these 2 compartments is the higher concentration of proteins in the plasma; the capillaries have a low permeability of the plasma proteins and, therefore leak only small amounts of proteins into the interstitial spaces.
Plasma Proteins
Albumins (60%) Globulins:
-, - and -globulins
Plasma Proteins
Albumins are homogeneous groups of proteins produced by hepatocytes with molecular weight: ~70 000 D Essentially all the albumin and fibrinogen of the plasma proteins as well as 50-80% of the globulins are formed in the liver. Some globulins are formed in the lymphoid tissues. These are mainly the gamma globulins that constitute the antibodies. A person with severe renal disease loses as much as 20 g of PP in the urine/day for months. In cirrhosis of the liver, large fibrous tissue develop among hepatic cells, causing reduction of PP formation which leads decreased osmotic pressure which cause generalized edema.
ERYTHROCYTES
Maturation of RBC
Especially important for final maturation of rbcs are 2 vitamins: Vitamin B12 and folic acid Both are essential for the synthesis of DNA; each in a different way is required for the formation of TTP Therefore, lack of either B12 or folic acid causes diminished DNA and consequently failure of nuclear maturation and division Furthermore, this will also cause the bone marrow to produce macrocytes; cells with flimsy membranes, often irregular, large, oval instead of the usual biconcave shape
Apoptosis or programmed cell death is a normal physiological form of cell death that plays a key role both in the maintenance of adult tissues and in embryonic development. In adults, programmed cell death is responsible for balancing cell proliferation and maintaining constant cell numbers in tissues undergoing cell turnover. For example, about 5 1011 blood cells are eliminated by programmed cell death daily in humans, balancing their continual production in the bone marrow.
Erythrocytes
Hemoglobin
Content in men 130-160 g/l, in women 120-160 g/l The Hb molecule contains 4 subunits, everyone with heme and globin Each chain has 4 iron atoms that bind loosely w/ 1 molecule of O2 Synthesis of hemoglobin begins in the proerythroblasts and continues until a few days after the cells leave the bone marrow and pass into the blood stream
Hemoglobin
Formation of Hemoglobin
First start with the formation of heme which contains 1 atom of Fe Next, each heme molecule combines with a long polypeptide chain, called the globin, forming a subunit of hemoglobin Each of these chains has a molecular weight of 16,000; 4 of them in turn bind together loosely to form the whole hemoglobin
Heme
Types of Leukocytes
Blood provides a medium for the maintenance of homeostasis in the cells environment
Blood functions as transport system for nutrients and gases to the cells and removing waste products and CO2 the interstitial fluid around the cells. Blood serves to link the various organs of the body, integrating them through the action of hormones
Leukocytes
Next Meeting
Quiz on Blood Physiology (Guyton & Hall) (pp. 419-428 Red Blood cells, Anemia & polycythemia pp. 429-437 Leukocytes, Resistance to Infection, & Inflammation pp. 451-455-Blood Groups/Transfusion Assignment: Immunity