Tissues (Chapter 4; pp.

113-137)
1.3.1 Define tissue and demonstrate how the organization of cells into tissues contributes to overall homeostasis

Groups of cells similar in structure and function Individual cell specialization contributes to overall homeostasis A lot more sofistication than unicellar organisms (but it has its downside)
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Tissues (Chapter 4; pp. 113-137)

1.3.2 List the 4 primary types of tissues

Types of tissues Epithelial tissue (Covering) Connective tissue (Support)

Muscle tissue (Movement)

Nerve tissue (Control)

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Epithelial Tissue (Epithelium)

1.3.3 Define epithelial tissue and list 6 functions associated with various types of epithelia

Sheet of cells that covers a body surface or lines a body cavity Two main types (by location):

1. Covering and lining epithelia: On external and internal surfaces

2. Glandular epithelia: Secretory tissue in glands

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Epithelial Tissue (Epithelium)

1.3.3 Define epithelial tissue and list 6 functions associated with various types of epithelia

Functions of various Epithelia (6):

Epithelial tissue: Forms boundaries between different environments:
(1) Protects (skin) (2) secretes, (3) excretes, (4) absorbs, and (5) filters (Digestive system) (6) senses (sensory reception)

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1.3.4 List and demonstrate your understanding of 7 special structural characteristics of epithelia 1) Cellularity: The state of a tissue with regard to the degree, quality, or condition of cells present in it 2) Specialized contacts: tight junctions & desmosomes - Why?? 3) Polarity: apical and basal surfaces; apical surface often specialized such as having Microvilli or Cilia

1.3.4 List and demonstrate your understanding of 7 special structural characteristics of epithelia 4) Basal lamina: noncellular, underlying supportive sheet of primarily glycoproteins - What are two functions of a basal lamina?? 5) Supported by connective tissue: basement membrane = basal lamina + underlying reticular CT an important feature of cancerous epithelial cells is failure to respect the boundary imposed by the basement membrane. 6) Innervated but avascular: how nourished?

7) Regeneration: high regenerative capacity

J. Carnegie, UofO

1.3.5 Indicate the 2 criteria used to classify epithelia

CELL SHAPE

LAYERS

1.3.6 List the 4 types of simple epithelia Indicate the primary function associated with each and give a sample body location for each type

Epithelia: Simple Squamous

Mesothelium

Endothelium: lymphatic and blood vessels (capillaries); heart

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Figure 4.2a

Epithelia: Simple Cuboidal

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Figure 4.2b

Kidney epithelia

Simple Squamous epithelium

Simple Cuboidal epithelium

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Figure 4.2b

Epithelia: Simple Columnar

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Figure 4.2c

Epithelia: Pseudostratified Columnar

Looks like many layers of cells but NOT!

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Figure 4.2d

1.3.7 Describe the structure of stratified squamous epithelium

give a sample body location for each type

Epithelia: Stratified Squamous

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Figure 4.2e

Epithelia: Stratified Cuboidal

Quite rare in body Found in some sweat and mammary glands Typically two cell layers thick

Epithelia: Stratified Columnar

Limited distribution in body

Small amounts in pharynx, male urethra, and lining some glandular ducts
Also occurs at transition areas between two other types of epithelia

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Epithelia: Transitional

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Figure 4.2f

Glandular Epithelia
1.3.8 Define Gland, endocrine gland, exocrine gland

A gland is one or more cells that makes and secretes an aqueous fluid (secretion) Classified by:
Site of product releaseendocrine or exocrine Relative number of cells forming the gland unicellular (e.g., goblet cells) or multicellular
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Endocrine Glands Ductless glands

Secrete hormones that travel through lymph or blood to target organs

Very diverse and not all epithelial-based

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Exocrine Glands
More numerous than endocrine glands Secrete products into ducts (usually) Secretions released onto body surfaces (skin) or into body cavities Examples include mucous, sweat, oil, and salivary glands
Microvilli Secretory vesicles containing mucin Rough ER Golgi apparatus Nucleus

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Multicellular Exocrine Glands

Simple duct structure
(duct does not branch)

Compound duct structure

(duct branches)

Tubular secretory structure

Simple tubular

Simple branched tubular

Example
Intestinal glands

Example
Stomach (gastric) glands

Compound tubular

Example
Duodenal glands of small intestine

Alveolar secretory structure Simple alveolar Simple branched alveolar Compound alveolar Compound tubuloalveolar

Example
No important example in humans Surface epithelium
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Example
Sebaceous (oil) glands Duct

Example
Mammary glands

Example
Salivary glands

Secretory epithelium Figure 4.5

Modes of Secretion
Merocrine Products are secreted by exocytosis (e.g., pancreas, sweat and salivary glands) Holocrine Products are secreted by rupture of gland cells (e.g., sebaceous glands)

Apocrine?: cell apex pinches off with secretory product mammary glands?
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