FIRE SAFETY

A.A.F.VIJAY KUMAR District Fire Officer A.P.FIRE SERVICES & CIVIL DEFENSE TRAINING INSTITUTE. HYDERABAD.

MAJOR CHEMICAL ACCIDENTS & THEIR Institute of safety IMPACT

FIRE AT IBP PETROL PUMP - PANCHKULA

EYE OPENERS
Haryana 1995-Dabwali-Death Toll-More than 450. New Delhi 1997-Upahar Cinema-Death Toll-More than 60. Kumbhakonam 2004 School Fire Death toll- 92. Thane 2005-Eternity Mall-No Deaths but major loss of property. MEERUT 2006Fire in Consumer Mela- Death Toll More than50. Hyderabad FEB -2010 Fire at Park Hospital, 30 injured

Fire is fast! In 30 seconds Fire is hot! 100 degrees to 600 degrees at eye level. Inhaling this super hot air will scorch your lungs. Fire is dark! unable to find your way around the home you've lived in for years. Fire is deadly! Smoke and toxic gases kill more people than flames do. Fire uses up the oxygen you need and produces smoke and poisonous gases that kill.

A small fire can grow very quickly and destroy years of work Know where the fire protection equipment and exits are before you need them -Have an escape plan Fire safety education gives you the training needed to make good choices YOU can help to prevent fires before they start

1.

WHAT IS FIRE ?

FUEL + HEAT + OXYGEN

OXYGEN

FIRE TRIANGLE
13

What is Triangle of Fire / combustion?

All combustion process involves three important factors:

A combustible material or fuel . Oxygen, either from air or from some other Oxygen supplying substance .

Heat (a portion of the two materials must be heated to a temperature at which combustion will be initiated).

OXYGEN

oxygen is a colorless and tasteless gas at ordinary temperature. Oxygen is necessary to support life , without oxygen human life could not exist. Oxygen also supports fire. without oxygen ( but not necessarily ) fire could not exist. It is consumed during burning.

FUEL

The fuel may be solid, liquid or gas. The burning of most of the materials produces flames. This is caused by ignition of the gases or vapour givenoff by a liquid or solid.

Heat

Heat may be defined as energy possessed by a substance due to motion of molecules. Total heat contained by a body is equal to the product of its mass, temperature and its specific heat. The heat may come from hot surfaces, friction, process of over heating, sparks/ arcs, electrical faults, open flame, smoking, lightning, exothermic chemical reactions, compression, static discharge, nuclear fission etc.

EXOTHERMIC REACTION

A chemical reaction in which heat is produced Example: C + O2 CO2 + 94,300 Calories

ENDOTHERMIC REACTION

A chemical reaction in which heat is absorbed. Example: C + 2S CS2 19,800 Calories Calories

Carbon + Sulpur = Carbon disulphide 19,800

HEAT SOURCES
LIGHTNING EXOTHERMIC CHEMICAL REACTIONS COMPRESSION STATIC DISCHARGE NUCLEAR FISSION NUCLEAR FUSION

 FIRE STARTS WHEN A COMBUSTIBLE MATERIAL IS IGNITED IN THE PRESENCE OF AIR FUEL +AIR+ TEMPERATURE= FIRE TAKE ONE FACTOR AWAY AND THERE

WILL BE NO FIRE

2.

METHODS OF EXTINCTION
STARVATION
Removal of FUEL from burning substance COOLING

A PROCESS OF ELIMINATION

Removal of HEAT from burning substance SMOTHERING

OXYGEN
SMOTHERING

Cutting away supply of OXYGEN to the burning fuel reducing the percentage of oxygen.

22

PRODUCTS OF FIRE & THEIR EFFECTS

Smoke
Poor Visibility Prevents Escape.

Fire Gases (CO, HCl, HCN, CO2 etc.)

Toxic and Explosive Gases

Explosions and Fire Spread

Abnormal Respiration Asphyxiation

Heat

Panic, Stampede, Death Fire Spread Radiation Prevents Escape Burns and Scalds

Damage to Lungs & Respiratory System

Flame

Jumping to Escape, Injuries/Death Fire Spread Burns / Death

23

Effects of Heat
21 C
31 C 50 C

normal room temp

normal body temp 3-5 hrs tolerance in dry air

65 C
71 C 82 C

Temp limit for safe evacuation

Skin burns in 60 secs Skin burns in 30 secs

100 C
121 C 140 C 600 C

Boiling point of water

Maximum tolerance for human skin Maximum survivable breathing temp flash over occurs and structure is impacted
24

300 C -400C ignition of wood 760 C-980C Post flash over room temp

3.

CATEGORIES OF FIRE
CLASS COMBUSTIBLE MATERIAL

A B C D

Ordinary combustible Paper, Wood, Cloth, etc. solids Combustible liquids or liquifiable solids Combustible gases Oils, Paints, Chemicals, Wax, etc.
L.P.G., Acetylene, Hydrogen, Methane, Natural Gas, etc. Magnesium, Sodium, Uranium, Thorium, etc. Solids, Liquids, Gases, Metals, etc.

Combustible metals
Electrical Fires

Class A Fires

Fires in ordinary combustible materials such as wood, paper, textiles etc. where the cooling effect of water is essential for the extinction of fire. Example: Wood, Paper, Plastic, Cotton etc.

Class B Fires

Fires in inflammable liquids such as organic solvents, petroleum products, varnishes, paints etc. where a blanketing effect is essential for the extinction of fire. Example: Petrol, Diesel, Thinner, Alcohol etc.

Class C Fires
Fires involving gaseous-substances: - Such as methane, propane, butane, acetylene, cooking gas including Natural gas. (Under Pressure), where it is necessary to dilute the burning gas at a very fast rate with an inert gas or dry chemical powder.

Example: Methane, CNG, LPG, etc.

Class D Fires

Fires involving burning and powders of combustible metals, such as magnesium, aluminum, zinc or alkali metals, like sodium and potassium etc., where the burning metals are reactive to water and require special extinguishing agents and techniques. Example: Aluminum, Sodium, Potassium, etc.

Chemical Properties Of Metals

The list given below in symbol form is divided into groups by the degree of reactivity into which the various metals falls K, Na, Ba, Ca, Mg, Cd, Fe, Sn, Hg, Cu, Ag, Au

High Reactivity Moderate Reactivity Low Reactivity

Potassium, Sodium, and barium are very reactive silvery white metals , In small quantities they are usually in the form of pellets or wire, and are stored under liquid paraffin in order to prevent a reaction being set up with moisture in the air.

Sodium and potassium have melting points less than 1000C. They are less dense than water and more dense than paraffin.

Reaction of Metals with CO2

Burning sodium, Potassium or magnesium will continue when placed in an atmosphere of carbon dioxide. 4 K+ 3 CO2= 2K2CO3 +C It follows that CO2 extinguishers are unsuitable and valueless for use on burning magnesium. Sodium heated in carbon dioxide gas forms poisonous carbon monoxide 2 Na + 2 CO2= Na2CO3 + CO

Reaction of Metals with Water

The reaction of Potassium with cold water is so violent that hydrogen gas given off is ignited. Dust or flakes of magnesium are liable to ignite readily . It reacts violently with water when heated, producing hydrogen. Aluminum:- A light ,ductile metal of good electrical conductivity and resistant to corrosion. It melts at 6600C and higher temperatures. While burning it decomposes water like magnesium producing hydrogen.

PRODUCTS OF FIRE & THEIR EFFECTS

Smoke
Poor Visibility Prevents Escape. Panic, Death due to Asphyxia, Death due to stampede.

Fire Gases (CO, HCl, HCN, CO2 etc.)

Toxic and Explosive Gases, Explosions and Fire Spread, Abnormal Respiration, Asphyxiation, Panic, Stampede & Death

Heat
Radiation Fire Spread Obstructs Escape, Burns and Scalds, Damage to Lungs & Respiratory System, Jumping to Escape, Injuries/Death

Flame
Fire Spread, Burns / Death

Impact of fires in Buildings

Impact Effect Loss of life/property Elimination/Preven tion
Compartmentation, Sealing of openings Ventilation, Removing air from space, Pressurization, Smoke resistant long fountain Evacuation before the toxic limit becomes harmful .

Flame/ Fire
Smoke

Asphyxia, obscurity of vision, Loss of life/property

Toxic gases

Asphyxia, irritation to the lungs leading to death.

FIRE EXTINGUISHER
Fire extinguisher is the first aid fire fighting appliance used to extinguish fire at its initial/ incipient stage of fire. Knowledge of fire, extinction media, and operative training is required to use a fire extinguisher.

Water CO2 Fire Extinguisher

Used on CLASS A fires

CO2 FIRE EXTINGUISHER

Used on CLASS B and CLASS C fires

DCP FIRE EXTINGUISHER

Stored pressure type

Cartridge type

Used on CLASS A, CLASS B and CLASS C fires

REMEMBER THE ACRONYM, P.A.S.S. P .Pull the Pin A ..Aim the extinguisher nozzle at the base of the flame. S Squeeze trigger while holding the extinguisher upright. S Sweep the extinguisher from side to side, covering the area of the fire with the extinguishing agent.

DOS and DONTS

Dos
Switch

Donts
Do Do

off all electrical/electronic appliances viz. Acs, fans, tube lights, computers etc.. Before leaving office
Know Know

not throw the garbage through window

not pile up the garbage within the building

Do

the nearest exit staircase

not overload the electrical points

the alternate exit staircase in case the nearest staircase becomes unusable due to smoke/fire.
Learn Have

do not smoke in building premises not park your vehicle in fire access road

Do

to operate the fire extinguisher

Do

a list of physically handicapped employs in your floor who may require special assistance.

not stock any material in escape route i.e. staircase / corridors, etc.
Do

not lock the terrace exit/staircase exit.

What to do if theres a fire in a residential building

Alert everyone in your flat. Dont stop for valuables or to investigate the fire.
Before opening doors, check them with the back of your hand. If theyre warm, dont open them the fire is on the other side. Alert neighbouring flats by banging on the doors on your way out. Set off the fire alarm, if there is one. Dont use the lift. If there is lot of smoke, crawl along the floor where the air will be cleanest. Once you are safe outside, use a mobile phone or a phone box to call 101/108. Give the emergency operator your name and address, including the number of your flat. Tell them which floor is on fire, if you know .

What to do if there is a fire

Raise the alarm If the smoke alarm goes off when youre asleep, shout to wake everyone up, get everyone together, follow your escape plan and get out of the building. Dont stop to investigate the fire or to collect valuables or pets. Use your escape route to get everyone out and meet at an agreed point.

Close all doors which are open, and only open the door you need to go through (this will help to stop the fire from spreading so rapidly). Check doors with the back of your hand. If a door is warm, dont open it the fire is on the other side.

What to do if your clothes catch fire Dont run around youll fan the flames and make them burn faster. Lie down and roll around. This smothers the flames and makes it harder for the fire to spread.

Smother the flames with heavy material, like a coat, a blanket or a fire blanket.

 If the fire is blocking your exit, or if the stairs in your block of flats are blocked by fire or smoke, stay calm and go back inside your flat and wait for the Fire and Emergency Service to arrive.

If your escape route is blocked

If the fire is inside your flat Get everyone into the safe room you have chosen. Put cushions, bedding and so on at the bottom of the door to stop smoke getting in. Open the window. If you feel in serious danger, wave a sheet out of the window so the firefighters know where you are.
If the fire is outside your flat Seal your front door with tape if you can, as well as cushions and bedding, to stop smoke getting in. Close any ventilators. Phone 101/108, giving your address and number of your flat.

ACTION FOR FIRE IN TRAIN

FIRST AND FOREMOST : SUMMON THE FIRE BRIGADE

PULL THE ALARM CHAIN AND STOP THE TRAIN IMMEDIATELY TRY & PUTOUT THE FIRE BEFORE IT BECOMES BLAZE, BY WATER OR BLANKETS HOLD A WET CLOTH LOOSELY OVER NOSE & MOUTH INSTRUCT PASSENGERS TO MOVE TO OTHER SIDE OR NEXT COACH AFTER TRAIN STOPS, PASSENGERS SHOULD COME DOWN FROM THE COACH IMMEDIATELY ISOLATE THE BURING COACH FROM THE OTHER BY UNCOUPLING

WHEN A PERSON IS ON FIRE

APPROACH HIM HOLDING THE NEAREST AVAILBLE WRAP INFRONT OF YOU WRAP IT ROUND HIM LAY HIM FLAT AND SMOTHER THE FLAMES HE MAY ROLL ON THE FLOOR,SMOTHERING THE FLAMES

SAFETY TIPS
To increase fire safety for apartment dwellers, AP Fire Department offers the following guidelines: Know the plan Practice is the key Never use a lift or elevator Stay low Steal yourself in for safety Stay by the window

Make your home safe for children A child can start a fire in moments, only if he or she has the means to do so.
Dont leave children on their own in a room where theres a fire risk. Keep matches and lighters where children cannot see or reach them. Place candles and matches where children cannot reach them. Put a childproof fireguard in front of an open fire or heater. Dont let children play or leave toys near a fire or heater. Put child locks on cupboards containing anything that could be used to start a fire (for example, matches, candles, flammable liquids and so on).

Keep portable heaters in a safe place where they cant be knocked over when they are being used or stored. Keep your escape route clear of toys and other obstructions. Never leave children alone in the kitchen when youre cooking, and never let them play near the oven and hob. Put plug guards into sockets so that children cant stick anything into the holes.

Fire Safety - On-the-Job

Keep flammables away from ignition sources Know your chemical properties (check the MSDS for flammable/combustible information) Do not block fire extinguishers with equipment Utilize those with electrical expertise/installations/assistance Do not overload outlets - use a track plug Practice good housekeeping techniques in the lab/office/work area Inspect wires for possible damages and replace

Evacuation Planning - On-the-Job

Know the way out from your work area. Know the location of the closest manual fire alarm system/point. Know the location of the closest fire extinguisher. In the event of a fire in a lab or work area dial the emergency number, evacuate the location or pull the manual fire alarm system/point. Review the location of the meeting place for the group in the event of a building evacuation. Utilize a check sheet to ensure everyone is accounted for. This re-emphasizes the importance of communication between team members.

DO NOT WASTE TIME FOR COLLECTING VALUABLES

60

DO NOT PANIC
61

INFORM FIRE BRIGADE ABOUT FIRE ALERT NEIGHBOURS

62

IF POSSIBLE, USE FIRE EXTINGUISHER

63

DO NOT TAKE SHELTER IN TOILET

64

SHUT ALL THE DOORS BEHIND YOU

65

LIFT

DO NOT USE LIFT TO ESCAPE

66

MAKE EXIT TO GROUND LEVEL INSTEAD OF TERRACE

67

USE NEAREST MEANS OF ESCAPE AND THE STAIRECASE AVAILABLE

68

IF TRAPPED OR STRANDED

STAY CLOSE TO THE FLOOR LEVEL

69

IF TRAPPED OR STRANDED

COVER THE GAPS OF THE DOOR BY BLANKET OR BY RUG OR ANY OTHER PIECE OF CLOTH AVAILABLE

70

DO NOT JUMP OUT OF THE BUILDING. SIGNAL OR SHOUT FOR HELP

71

RESCUE METHODS
TWO HANDED SEAT FOUR HANDED SEAT THE FORE AND AFT METHOD FIREMANS LIFT HUMAN CRUTCH BLANKET LIFT PICK-A-BACK REMOVAL DOWNSTAIRS

TWO HANDED SEAT

FOUR HANDED SEAT

THE FORE AND AFT METHOD

FIREMANS LIFT

HUMAN CRUTCH

BLANKET LIFT

PICK - A - BACK

REMOVAL DOWNSTAIRS

ASSEMBLY POINT
A designated safe area away from building, where users / occupants of building are assembled when an evacuation is ordered to have head count and see that no one is trapped inside the building.

HOW TO CALL FIRE BRIGADE

Remember that every minute is valuable once fire

breaks out.

Dial 101 or your nearest Police Station. Tell your name, address, telephone number and land

marks to identify place on fire.

Keep the phone receiver and wait for confirmation. Do all these things coolly and calmly. Avoid false calls. It will delay really needy peoples

calls. This may be your own relative or friend.

THE CHINA AIRLINES FLIGHT 120 INCIDENT ON AUGUST 20, 2007 REQUIRED RAPID INTERVENTION AND RESCUE AND ULTIMATELY SAVED THE LIVES OF ALL 165 PASSENGERS AFTER IT CAUGHT FIRE

Rosenbauer Tiger unit at Bengaluru International Airport, Bangalore, India.

A German Lentner Avenger airport crash tender built on a Dutch spaceframe Terberg 66 chassis at the Bydgoszcz Szwederowo Airport, Poland. It can carry up to 12,000 liters of water as well as 1,500 liters of foam.

Dubai International Airport, a Rosenbauer Panther 88 unit. It weighs nearly 40

tons, and has a a capacity of 3,830 gallons (14,500 liters) of fire extinguishing agents and a maximum speed of 87 mph (140 km/h). It won gold at the International Design Excellence Award in 2008.

Another Carmichael unit with a different paint job at the East Midlands Airport in the UK.

A Rosenbauer Simba tender operating out of Frankfurt am Main Airport, for which it was specially designed

A pair of E-One Titan HPR spotted at Groningen Airport Eelde in the Netherlands. It has a pump capacity of 7800 lpm and can carry 11750 litres of water.

I believe to be a Unipower chassis - fabricated by UMW Wagon Engineering, at a Malaysian airport.

30-ton Carmichael International Cobra 2 fire engines at Manchester Airport, UK

Iveco Magiruss Super Dragon X8. Iveco manufactures a lot of mainland Europes fire engines

Oshkosh Striker 1500 ARFF Truck 815 of Portland Airport Fire Rescue in the United States. Oshkosh is a familiar manufacturer in the United States
for heavy duty vehicles as airport emergency trucks

Fire training at Schipol Airport, Amsterdam

A Scania P380 66 short cab vehicle operating out of Oskarshamns, Sweden

An airport fire service lifting unit from Italy, on tour in Hanover, Germany

A Rosenbauer unit with telesquirt at Macau International Airport

Another Rosenbauer unit at Delhi International Airport

The Derbyshire Fire & Rescue Service has 9 full-time, 3 day-staffed and 19 retained Fire Stations the Avensis 2.2-litre D-4D diesels, manufactured at Toyotas plant in Burnaston, Derbyshire, for use by fire officers for operational purposes and by senior and middle managers.

1990 Mack unit 201 from Qubec, Canada

Fire Station at Rajiv Gandhi International Airport

Airport Rescue & Fire Fighting Hyderabad

Any ?