Evaluation of Behavior and Ductility of Polymer Modified Steel Fiber Reinforced High Performance Concrete Beams

Presented by
Naveen R. Under the guidance of Dr. Sadath Ali Khan Zai Associate Professor, UVCE, Bangalore University, Bangalore

An outcome of this dissertation work, a technical paper entitled Evaluation of Behavior and Ductility of Polymer Modified Steel Fiber Reinforced High Performance Concrete Beams has been presented and published in the international conference on STRUCTURAL ENGINEERING MECHANICS AND COMPUTATION(SEMC-2013) held on 2-4 September2013 at CAPE TOWN, SOUTH AFRICA.

PATHWAY
INTRODUCTION

AIM AND

SCOPE OF PRESENT INVESTIGATION MATERIALS USED EXPERIMENTAL INVESTIGATION STUDIES ON FLEXURAL BEHAVIOUR SUMMARY AND CONSLUSIONS REFERENCES

Introduction

Concrete is the most widely used construction material in India with annual consumption exceeding 100 million cubic meters. Conventional Portland cement concrete is found deficient in respect of Durability in severe environments (shorter service life and require maintenance), time of construction (longer release time of forms and slower gain of strength).

It is well known that conventional concrete designed on the basis of compressive strength does not meet many functional requirements such as impermeability, resistance to frost, thermal cracking adequately.

Introduction ctd..

High Performance Concrete

HPC is a concrete made with appropriate materials combined according to a selected mix design and properly mixed, transported placed, consolidated, and cured so that the resulting concrete will give excellent performance in the structure in which it will be exposed and with the loads to which it will be subjected for its design life.

High performance concrete (HPC) is defined according to ACI 363-1992 as concrete, which meets special performance and uniformity requirements that cannot always be achieved by using only the conventional materials and normal mixing, placing and curing practice.

Sailent Features of HPC

Compressive strength > 60 MPa, even up to 800 MPa Water-binder ratio =0.25-0.35 ,therefore very little free water Wide range of grain sizes Reduced flocculation of cement grains Densified cement paste Low free lime content Stronger transition zone at the interface between cement paste and aggregate Discontinuous spores Less capillary porosity

Polymer Concrete

A polymer is a large molecule, or macromolecule, composed of many repeated subunits, known as monomers. Polymers range from familiar synthetic plastics such as polystyrene to natural biopolymers such as DNA and proteins. Polymers, both natural and synthetic, are created via polymerization of many monomers. Synthetic polymer are man made which can be classified as into thermoplastics, thermosets, elastomers and synthetic fibers.

Polymer Concrete

An elastomer is a polymer which is derived from elastic polymer, is often used interchangeably with the term rubber or synthetic rubber. There are many types of elastomers out of which SBR (Sytrene Butadiene Rubber) is one which is mainly used in concrete because of its versatile property as Styrene Butadiene rubber latex (SBR) performes well in augmenting the mechanical behaviors of the conventional concrete.

Use of SBR-Latex in concrete

SBR Latex is mainly used in the construction as a repair material because it can reduce W/C for the same workability or increase workability for the same W/C. Polymer particles as well as entrained air bubbles have a ball bearing effect in the mixture. They lubricate the mixture particles thus reducing internal friction coefficient. SBR latex due to its air entraining properties reduces bleeding considerably. This leads to an abrasion resistant surface.

Use of SBR-Latex in concrete

SBR-Latex addition increases the water resisting properties of modified concrete and mortars. As water evaporates, the SBR particles stick together this is called coalescence to form an interconnected polymer network inside the cementitious matrix. This flexible network both blocks the pores and bridges micro cracks to a certain extend. Less and thinner cracks and less voids increase water impermeability.

Use of SBR-Latex in concrete

Effects on addition of SBR Latex to Cement Mixes 1. Increases tensile, flexural and impact strengths. 2. Overall durability increases. 3. Induced flexibility increases creep. 4. Setting times are generally reduced. Placement time also. 5. SBR addition reduces bleeding and contributes to an enhanced abrasion resistance provided that an adequate curing procedure is followed. 6. SBR latex addition increases air entrainment.

Fibre Reinforced Concrete

Fiber-reinforced concrete (FRC) is a concrete containing fibrous material which increases its structural integrity. It contains short discrete fibers that are uniformly distributed and randomly oriented. Fibers include steel fibers, glass fibers, synthetic fibers and natural fibers each of which lend varying properties to the concrete.

Fibre Reinforced Concrete

Characteristics of Fibre Reinforced Concrete Fibers are usually used in concrete to control cracking due to plastic shrinkage and to drying shrinkage. They also reduce the permeability of concrete and thus reduce bleeding of water. Some types of fibers produce greater impact, abrasion, and shear resistance in concrete. The amount of fibers added to a concrete mix is expressed as a percentage of the total volume of the composite (concrete and fibers), termed "volume fraction"

Fibre Reinforced Concrete

In the present study Steel Fibres have been used. Steel fibers can: Improve structural strength Reduce steel reinforcement requirements Improve ductility Reduce crack widths and control the crack widths tightly, thus improving durability Improve impact and abrasionresistance Improve freeze-thaw resistance

Polymer Modified Steel Fibre Reinforced High Performance Concrete(PMSFRHPC)

PMSFRHPC is a composite material which has superior properties resulting from the individual properties of all the materials from which it is made. Increases strain level corresponding to value of peak stress because of its properties member can absorb and dissipates large amount of energy compared to conventional concrete.

Pre-defined Plastic hinge location Which are likely to develop in the region of maximum moment at a length of twice the depth of the flexural member.

Aim and Scope of the Present Investigation

Six test beam specimens are cast with different concrete matrixes at the central region and high performance concrete at other regions. The ductile behavior of the beam under three point bending involves the formation of a plastic hinge in the beam at the location where the modified concrete matrix has been incorporated. The structural system should be so designed as to ensure that the formation of plastic hinges at suitable locations may, at worst, result in the failure of the individual elements, but will not lead to instability or progressive collapse.

Aim and Scope of the Present Investigation

Inclusion of fibers in concrete matrix, and use of latex modified concrete improves the ductility of reinforced concrete elements. Modifications are made in design as to include these only at discrete locations where higher ductilitys are needed, namely the plastic hinge locations. The present investigation aims at studying the effect of SBR-Latex and Steel Fibre modification in high performance concrete on the mechanical properties like compressive strength, split tensile strength, flexural strength and

Aim and Scope of the Present Investigation ctd..

Extending the investigation on the behaviour of flexural structural members on the following parameters such as first cracking load, Ultimate load Ultimate strain Energy absorption capacity and ductility aspect. Toughness index Cracking behaviour and spacing,

MATERIALS USED
OPC 53 Grade Cement Mineral Admixture (Silica Fume) GGFBS Fine Aggregate Coarse Aggregate Chemical Admixtures (Superplasticizer) Steel fibers (crimped round) Styrene Butadiene Rubber Latex Polymer Steel Reinforcement(Fe 415) Water

Test Beam Specimen

2 of 12 mm

2L 8mm

230mm

Strength of Concrete Sectional Dimension Effective Span 150mm

3of 12 mm

: 60 Mpa : 150 x 230 mm. : 2000mm.

High Performance Concrete beam specimen (A1,A2):2 Nos Polymer Modified reinforced HPC beam specimen (B1,B2): 2 Nos Polymer Modified Steel Fibre reinforced HPC beam specimen (C1,C2):2 Nos HYSD bars having characteristic strength of 415 MPa are used for longitudinal and transverse reinforcement in all the beams.

EXPERIMENTAL INVESTIGATIONS

Experimental Investigations

MIX 1 M60 (Cement 79% + SF 06% + GGBS 15%) MIX 2 M60 (Cement 71% + SF 09% + GGBS 20%) MIX 3 M60 (Cement 63% + SF 12% + GGBS 25%) MIX 2 was found to obtain maximum compressive strength, split tensile strength and flexural strength respectively. Hence MIX 2 was selected as the design mix and the same was modified with SBR Latex and Steel Fibres.

Experimental Investigations
Properties Age MIX1 MIX2 MIX3

3 Days
Compressive strength (N/mm2) 3 Days Split tensile strength 7 Days 28 Days 7 Days 28 Days

29.00
42.00 61.33

32.00
48.00 64.01

25.29
38.00 58.71

1.34 1.78 12.58

1.86 2.17 2.80

1.27 1.71 2.59

(N/mm2)
3 Days Flexural strength
2

1.55 2.52 1.88

2.00 2.97 4.43

1.42 2.20 3.65

7 Days 28 Days

70 60 COMPRESSIVE STRENGTH (MPa) 50 40 MIX 1

30
20 10 0 0 10 20 AGE IN DAYS 30

MIX 2 MIX 3 3

SPLIT TENSILE STRENGTH (MPa)

2.5
2 1.5 1 0.5 0 0 10 20 AGE IN DAYS 30 MIX 1 MIX 2 MIX 3

5 4.5 FLEXURAL STRENGTH (MPa) 4 3.5 3 2.5 2 1.5 1 0.5 0 0 10 20 AGE IN DAYS 30 MIX 1 MIX 2 MIX 3

Properties of Modified Hardened Concrete

It can be noticed that the compressive strength of PMSFRHPC is the highest among HPC and PMHPC, similarly split tensile strength and flexural strength also increases by the modification of HPC by polymer and Steel Fibres.
Properties Age
3 Days
7 Days 28 Days

HPC(A1,A2) PMHPC(B1,B2) PMSFRHPC(C1,C2)

32.00
48.00 64.01

Compressive strength (N/mm2)

26.66
42.00 55.11

32.33
45.33 66.00

Split tensile strength (N/mm2)

Flexural strength (N/mm2)

3 Days
7 Days 28 Days 3 Days

1.86
2.17 2.80 2.00

1.63
2.24 3.30 1.69

1.94
2.60 4.80 2.45

7 Days
28 Days

2.97
4.43

2.50
3.13

2.93
4.70

70 COMPRESSIVE STREGNTH (MPa) 60 50 40 HPC 30 20 10 0 0 10 20 AGE IN DAYS 30 SPLIT TENSILE STREGNTH (MPa) LMHPC LMSFRHPC

6 5 4 3 2 1 0 0 HPC LMHPC LMSFRHPC 10 20 AGE IN DAYS 30 HPC LMHPC LMSFRHPC

5 4.5 FLEXURAL STRENGTH (MPa) 4 3.5 3 2.5 2 1.5 1 0.5 0 0 10 20 AGE IN DAYS 30

Studies on Flexural Behaviour

For the condition of simply supported reinforced concrete under single point loading at the centre of the span the plastic hinge length of 460mm is modified with PMHPC and PMSFRHPC and the remaining length on either side of beam HPC was attempted. The experimental programme consists of testing three series of test beam specimens under flexural loading. Test beam specimens consist of HPC, PMHPC and PMSFRHPC designated as A1, A2, B1, B2, C1, and C2 respectively.

Test Setup

Load Deflection Behaviour

70 60 50 Load (kN) 40 30 20 10 0 0 2 4 6 Mid Span Deflection (mm) 8 A1

A1

70 60 50 40 Load (kN) 30 20 10 0 0

A2

A2

2 4 6 Mid Span Deflectiom (mm)

B1
50 45 40 35 30 25 20 15 10 5 0 0 5 10 15 Mid Span Deflection (mm)

60 50 40 30

B2

Load (kN)

B1

Load (kN)

B2

20 10 0 0 5 10 Mid Span Deflection (mm) 15

C1
80 70 60 Load (kN) Load (kN) 50 40 30 20 10 0 0 5 10 15 20 Mid Span Deflection (mm) C1 90 80 70 60 50 40 30 20

C2

C2

10
0 0 5 10 15 20 Mid Span Deflection (mm)

90 80 70

A1 HPC

A2 HPC
60

LOAD (kN)

50 40

B1HPC+SBR

B2 HPC+SBR
30 20 10

C1HPC+SBR+SF

C2HPC+SBR+SF
0 0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18

MID SPAN DEFLECTION (mm)

Combined Load-Deflection Curves

Load Deflection Behaviour

It is noted that B1, B2 cracked much before A1, A2 and C1, C2 at lesser loads.

A1, A2 carried higher loads than B1, B2 but did not undergo large deflection which is mainly because of the brittle nature of HPC beams. C1, C2 beams sustained higher loads than A1, A2 and B1, B2 beams. In C1, C2 the first crack was seen at 19% higher load than A1 and A2 which indicates that beams with steel fibres can carry higher loads and undergo large deformation while in B1, B2

occurred at 24% lesser load.

Load Deflection Behaviour

After

the yielding of steel C1, C2 beams continued to show ductility by undergoing higher deflections with non linearity without much increase in the ultimate load.
This

indicates that modification of HPC with polymer and steel fibre resulted in enhanced load carrying capacities.

First Crack Load

Below table shows the First Crack Load of all the test beam specimens
Mix Beam Experimental Theoretical Ratio (E/T) first crack load first crack in KN (E) load in KN (T) 10.00 14.82 0.67 11.25 14.82 0.76 8.75 7.50 12.50 13.75 13.76 13.76 13.96 13.96 0.64 0.55 0.83 0.91

HPC LMHPC LMSFRHPC

A1 A2 B1 B2 C1 C2

Ultimate Load
Below table shows the Ultimate Load of all the test beam specimens
Mix Beam Experimental Theoretical Ratio (E/T) Ultimate load in Ultimate KN (E) load in KN (T) 58.75 46.64 1.26 58.75 46.64 1.26 46.25 48.75 73.75 76.25 46.06 46.06 46.74 46.74 1.00 1.06 1.58 1.63

HPC

A1 A2 B1 B2 C1 C2

LMHPC
LMSFRHPC

Service Load, Yield Load and Ultimate Load

Below table shows service load, yield load and ultimate load of all the test beam specimens
Mix Beam Service Load (PSLkN) 39.12 39.12 35.00 32.50 Yield Load Ultimate (PYLkN) Load (PUL kN) 45.00 58.75 45.00 58.75 35.00 37.50 46.25 48.75

HPC

A1 A2 B1 B2

LMHPC
LMSFRHPC

C1 C2

49.12 50.84

55.00 57.50

73.75 76.25

Strain Distribution

The strain behaviour of test beams is represented in the form of strain distribution curves along the depth of the beam. The Demec gauge readings were taken at four locations along the depth of the beam in the central portion. The strains at each of these points are calculated for every increment of loads these values are plotted to appropriate scale to obtain the strain distribution behaviour.

Strain Distribution
STRAIN DISTRIBUTION OVER BEAM DEPTH - A1
LOAD, kN 10

240
15

200 160

20 25

DEPTH, mm

30

120
6 4 2 0 80 -2 -4 -6

35 40 45

40 0
STRAIN

50 55 58.75

Strain Distribution
STRAIN DISTRIBUTION OVER BEAM DEPTH - A2
LOAD, kN

10

240
15

200

20 25

DEPTH, mm

160
30

120 6 4 2 0 80 -2 -4 -6

35 40 45

40

50 55 58.75

0
STRAIN

Strain Distribution
STRAIN DISTRIBUTION OVER BEAM DEPTH-B2
LOAD, kN
240

10

15

200

20 25

DEPTH, mm

160

30 35

120 8 6 4 2 0 80 -2 -4 -6 -8

40 45

48.75

40

STRAIN

Strain Distribution
STRAIN DISTRIBUTION OVER BEAM DEPTH-C1
LOAD, kN 10

240

15 20

25

190
30

DEPTH, mm

35

140 8 6 4 2 0 90 -2 -4 -6 -8

40 45 50 55

40

60 65

-10
STRAIN

70
73.75

Strain Distribution
STRAIN DISTRIBUTION OVER BEAM DEPTH C-2
LOAD, kN 10 15

240
20 25

190 DEPTH, mm

30 35

140 8 6 4 2 0 90 -2 -4 -6 -8

40 45 50 55

40

60 65 70

-10
STRAIN

75
76.25

Strain Distribution
The tensile and compressive strains of reinforcement and concrete respectively were measured and tabulated as below
Strain at ultimate load Mix HPC Beam A1 A2 B1 LMHPC B2 C1 LMSFRHPC C2 Compressive Tensile 1.35x10-3 1.45x10-3 1.85x10-3 2.60x10-3 3.43x10-3 3.63x10-3 2.08x10-3 2.40x10-3 6.20x10-3 6.35x10-3 7.68x10-3 7.89x10-3

Experimental and Theoretical Cracking Moments

Experimental and Theoretical Cracking Moments calculated is as shown below
Mix Beam Experimental MCR (kN-m) 5.00 5.63 4.38 3.75 6.25 6.88 Theoretical Ratio of MCR (kN-m) MCR Exp./Theo 7.41 0.67 7.41 0.76 6.88 6.88 7.53 7.53 0.64 0.55 0.83 0.91

HPC LMHPC LMSFRHPC

A1 A2 B1 B2 C1 C2

Theoretical and Experimental Ultimate Loads

Theoretical and Experimental Ultimate Loads calculated as per IS 456:2000
Mix Beam Experiment Theoretical Ratio of al Mu (kN- Mu (kN-m) MCR m) Exp./Theo. 29.38 23.32 1.26 29.38 23.32 1.26 23.13 24.40 36.88 38.13 23.03 23.03 23.09 23.09 1.00 1.06 1.60 1.65

HPC LMHPC LMSFRHPC

A1 A2 B1 B2 C1 C2

Flexural Ductility Index

Ductility is measured by the ratio called ductility index (). In this study, the member's ductility index was evaluated by displacement expressed by the ratio of the deflection at yield and the deflection at ultimate load.
Test Beam y,mm A1 A2 B1 3.8 3.8 4.77 u,mm 7.10 6.80 9.80 d =u /y 1.87 1.80 2.05 2.23 Avg d 1.83

B2 C1 C2

4.79 3.87 3.70

11.50 14.60 15.30

2.40 3.77 4.14

3.96

Deflection
The deflection response of reinforced HPC, HPC modified latex and HPC modified with latex and steel fibre is presented here.
Mix Deflection Deflection Deflection Deflection Beam at at at at First Crack Service Yield Ultimate Load Load Load Load sl (mm) y (mm) u (mm) A1 0.62 2.85 3.80 7.10 HPC A2 0.63 2.95 3.72 6.80 B1 0.46 3.78 4.77 9.80 LMHPC B2 0.38 3.50 4.79 11.50 C1 0.68 3.25 3.87 14.60 LMSFRHPC C2 0.68 2.84 3.70 15.30

Toughness Index
It is defined as the ratio of area under the curve up to ultimate load to area under the curve up to first crack load.

Test Beam Toughness Index A1 A2 B1 41.42 43.66 50.57

Avg. Toughness Index 42.54

48.54

B2
C1 C2

46.52
74.62 70.00 72.31

Energy Absorption Capacity

Energy absorption capacity of the entire test specimens was calculated as area under load deflection curve.
Test Beam Energy absorption capacity(kN-mm) 136.23 130.55 142.32 139.46 236.93 141.00 Average Energy absorption capacity(kN-mm) 133.40

A1 A2 B1 B2 C1 C2

232.50

228.04

Cracking Pattern
Crack width is an important factor from the durability point of view. Below figure shows the cracking observed for all the test beam specimens.

Cracking Pattern
The number of cracks in A1, A2 beams was more ranging about 10 to 14 with cracks propagating to the top surface of the beams.

In case of B1, B2 cracks were ranging about 8 to 9.

C1 and C2 has about 10 cracks with the cracks not reaching up to the top this indicates the polymer modified steel fibre reinforced high performance concrete which is used in plastic hinge zone is more ductile as it deflected more with cracks less than the control beam and has significant energy absorption capacity.

Summary and Conclusions

The focus of this research was to investigate the application of polymer modified steel fibre concrete at predefined plastic hinges which are likely to develop in regions of maximum moment for a length usually which is twice the depth of the beam for strengthening and improving load characteristics and seismic performance. The results of the study indicates that modification at the central portion of the test beam specimens replaced with a highly ductile composite such as Polymer Modified Steel Fiber Reinforced High Performance concrete ensures structural integrity, resulting in enhancement of ductility, toughness and energy absorption capabilities.

Summary and Conclusions

Among the three mixes in the present investigation namely HPC, LMHPC and LMSFHPC, the compressive strength obtained at 28 days are 64.01, 55.11, 66.00 N/mm2 respectively. In case of SBR-latex modified concrete there is decrease in compressive strength. This is due to lower density of latex with regards to matrix density (mortar rheology). Moreover the combination of SBR-latex and steel fiber the compressive strength increases appreciably. Also less number of cracks can be seen in LMHPC

Summary and Conclusions

This is because because Polymer-modified cementatious systems seals the pores and micro cracks developed during hardening of the cement matrix, by dispersing a film of polymer phase throughout the concrete. The innovative idea of modifying the plastic hinge length of HPC beams has served its purpose by the enhancement of all the properties of beam in strengthening the flexural characteristics, increase in load carrying capacity, ductility, toughness and energy absorption capacity of all the modified beams when compared to the control beam and also which in-turns leads to reduction in the cost of construction.

Summary and Conclusions

The addition of SBR-latex with steel fiber increases the deflection value to 15.30mm (highest) as compared to 7.10mm (lowest) in case of HPC and 9.8mm in case of LMHPC, which enhances the ductile characteristics. Significant improvements are observed in first crack load for LMSFRHPC to a value of 13.75KN followed by HPC (11.25KN) and LMHPC (7.50kN) respectively. Among the parameter studied the ultimate load carrying capacity of LMSFRHPC is 76.25kN which being highest, followed by HPC (58.75kN) and LMHPC (48.75kN).

Summary and Conclusions

The compressive and tensile strain values of LMSFRHPC are comparatively higher than LMHPC and HPC.

In the beams containing fiber and SBR-latex the formation of cracks are less in number due to fiber matrix action in concrete. In case of beams without fiber the number of cracks appeared are more in number and progressed rapidly. The minor cracks closed soon after the removal of load.

Summary and Conclusions

From the experimental results it is observed that the concrete beam when modified at plastic hinge with fiber and latex behaved much better with regards to first crack load and ultimate load which enhanced the flexural behavior characteristics.

REFERENCES

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