Informatics-

is a science that combines a domain science, computer science, information science, and cognitive science.

Healthcare

Informatics may be defined a the integration of healthcare sciences, computer sciences, information science and cognitive science to assist in the management of healthcare information.

HEALTHCARE INFORMATICS AND SUBDOMAINS OF HEALTHCARE INFORMATICS

HEALTHCARE INFORMATICS MEDICAL INFORMATICS DENTAL INFORMATICS

PHARMACY INFORMATICS

NURSING INFORMATICS

 Kathryn

Hannah(1985)- proposed a definition that nursing informatics is the use of information technologies in relation to any nursing functions and actions of nurses. Nursing informatics is a combination of computer science, information science and nursing science designed to assist in the management an processing of nursing data, information, and knowledge to support the practice of nursing and the delivery of nursing care.

 Nursing

informatics is a specialty that integrates nursing science, computer science, and information science to manage and communicate data, information and knowledge in nursing practice. Nursing informatics facilitates the integration of data, information and knowledge to support patients, nurses, and other providers in their decision making in all roles and settings.

In early 1992, the ANA established nursing informatics as a distinct specialty in nursing with a distinct body of knowledge. American Nurses Credentialing Center(ANCC)Established a certification examination and process in 1995 to recognize those nurses with basic informatics specialty competencies. The scope of nursing informatics practice includes activities such as developing and evaluating applications, tool, processes, and strategies that assist registered nurses in managing data to support decision-making.

This decision-making can encompass any and all of the following areas of nursing practice: client care, research, education administration. Information handling the processes involved in managing data, information and knowledge includes naming, organizing, grouping, collecting, processing , analyzing, storing, retrieving, transforming and communicating data and information. The core phenomena of nursing are the nurse, patient, health, and environment. Nursing informatics is interested in these core phenomena, decision-making, data information and knowledge as well as information structures and technologies. It is this special focus on the information of nursing that distinguishes nursing informatics from other nursing speciaties.

Models are representation of some aspect of the real world. Models show particular perspectives of a selected aspect and may illustrate relationships. Models evolve as knowledge about the selected aspect changes and are dependent on the world view of those developing the model. Some of these models are presented here to provide further perspectives on nursing informatics, to demonstrate how differently scholars and practitioners may view what seems to be the same thing , and to show that nursing informatics is a evolutionary, theoretical and practical science.

Graves and Corcorans seminal work include a model of nursing informatics . Their model placed data, information and knowledge in sequential boxes with one way arrows pointing from data to information to knowledge. The management processing box is directly above, with arrows pointing in one direction from management processing to each of the three boxes . In 1986, Patricia Schwirian proposed a model of nursing informatics intended to stimulate and guide systematic research in this discipline . Her concern at the time was over the sparse volume of research literature in nursing informatics. The model provides a framework for identifying significant information needs , which in turn can foster research. The four elements are the raw material, the technology, the users, and the goal or objective. Turley (1996) proposed another model in which the core components of informatics ( cognitive science, information science, and computer science) are depicted as intersecting circles. Nursing informatics is the intersection between the discipline-specific science and the area of informatics.

TRANFORMATION OF DATA TO KNOWLEDGE

C O M P L E X I T Y

KNOWLEDGE

INFORMATION DATA

Human Intellect

The concept of the EHR emerged, initially, as a computer-based patient record or CPR and was given significant impetus by a 1991 report from the Institute of medicine. EHR as any information related to the past , present or future physical / mental health or condition of an individual. EHR is the primary source of for the information about a client; the place where client information is recorded or documented. EHR is a client health record database supported by a computer, electronic and communication technologies. Other term for the CPR have been used, such as electronic medical record( EMR) electronic patient record(EPR) computerized patient record or computerized medical record(CMR)

Data elements- are terms for which data are collected and for which values are assigned. The nursing minimum data set (NMDS) developed through Dr. Harriet Werleys research is considered the foundational work for nursing languages and represents the first attempt to standardize the collection of essential nursing data. The seven service elements include unique facility or service agency number, unique health record number of patient, unique number of principal registered nurse provider, episode admission or encounter data, discharge or termination date, disposition of patient and expected payer. Nursing terminologies offer systematic, standardized ways of describing nursing practice and include data sets, taxonomies, nomenclatures and classification systems. NOMENCLATURES- are terms or labels for describing concepts in nursing such as diagnoses, interventions and outcomes. CLASSIFICATIONS- are the ordering of entities, including nomenclatures, into groups or classes on the basis of their similarities. TAXONOMY- is the study of classification and simultaneously refers to the end product of classifications.

American Medical Informatics Association(AMIA)- is an individual membership organization dedicated to the development and application of medical informatics in the support of patient care. Healthcare Information and Management System Society(HIMSS)- represents a membership of over 14,000 individual and 200 corporations interested in the healthcare informatics, clinical systems, information systems, management engineering and telecommunications. National League for Nursing(NLN)- is to advance quality nursing education that prepares the nursing workforce to meet the needs of diverse population in an ever- changing healthcare environment. American Society for Informatics Science and Technology(ASIS&T)-established in 1937 describes itself as the society for the information professionals leading the search for new and better theories, techniques and terminologies to improve access to information.