NOMAN BHATTI

Optical Fibers are thins long (km) strands of ultra pure glass (silica) or plastic that can to transmit light from one end to another without much attenuation or loss.
The glass used to make Optical Fibers is so pure that if the Pacific Ocean was filled with this glass then we would be able to see the ocean bottom form the surface.!!!!

This is to be believed as repeater distances on long haul routes for optical fibers vary from 50 to 150 km.

Working of Optical fibers?

The light source (LAZER) at the transmitting (Tx) end is modulated by the electrical signal and this modulated light energy is fed into the Optical Fiber.

At the receiving end (Rx) this light energy is made incident on photosensors which convert this light signal back to electrical signal.

Why Optical Fibers ?

Initially we used smoke signals, then horse riders for communicating. But these ways were way to slow and had very little bandwidth or data caring capacity. Then came the telephone and telegraph that used copper wires for communication. Then came Coaxial copper cables, VHF and UHF Radios, Satellite but demand still outstripped the supply. It was not until Optical Fibers came on the scene that large amount of communication bandwidth became economically and easily available to everyone.

As an example 50,000 voice / data circuit copper cable is massive in size and very expensive, while a single Optical Fiber, the diameter of human hair, can carry 5,00,000 circuits of voice and data. This capacity is increasing day by day as supporting electronics is developing. In itself the capacity of Optical Fibers is limitless.

ADVANTAGES OF OPTICAL FIBERS

1. 2. 3. VERY HIGH INFORMATION CARRING CAPACITY. LESS ATTENUATION (order of 0.2 db/km) SMALL IN DIAMETER AND SIZE & LIGHT WEIGHT

4.

LOW COST AS COMPARED TO COPPER (as glass is made from sand..the raw material used to make OF is free.)
GREATER SAFETY AND IMMUNE TO EMI & RFI, MOISTURE & COROSSION

5.

6.
7. 8.

FLEXIBLE AND EASY TO INSTALL IN TIGHT CONDUICTS

ZERO RESALE VALUE (so theft is less) IS DILECTRIC IN NATURE SO CAN BE LAID IN ELECTICALLY SENSITIVE SURROUNDINGS

9.

DIFFICULT TO TAP FIBERS, SO SECURE

10. NO CROSS TALK AND DISTURBANCES

DISADVANTAGES OF OPTICAL FIBERS

The Terminating Equipment Is Still Costly As Compared To Copper Equipment. Of Is Delicate So Has To Be Handled Carefully. Last Mile Is Still Not Totally Fiberized Due To Costly Subscriber Premises Equipment. Communication Is Not Totally In Optical Domain, So Repeated Electric Optical Electrical Conversion Is Needed.

Optical Amplifiers, Splitters, Mux-demux Are Still In Development Stages.

Tapping Is Not Possible. Specialized Equipment Is Needed To Tap A Fiber. Optical Fiber Splicing Is A Specialized Technique And Needs Expertly Trained Manpower.

The Splicing And Testing Equipments Are Very Expensive As Compared To Copper Equipments.

APPLICATIONS OF OPTICAL FIBERS

1. 2. 3. 4. 5. LONG DISTANCE COMMUNICATION BACKBONES INTER-EXCHANGE JUNCTIONS VIDEO TRANSMISSION BROADBAND SERVICES COMPUTER DATA COMMUNICATION (LAN, WAN etc..)

6.
7. 8.

HIGHT EMI AREAS

MILITARY APPLICATION NON-COMMUNICATION APPLICATIONS (sensors etc)

COMPARISION WITH OTHER MEDIA / TECHNOLOGIES

VARIOUS TYPES OF OPTICAL FIBER CABLES

1. 2. 3. 4.

OPGW Cable ADSS type OF Cable Self-Support AERIAL figure 8 type OF Cable LASHED type OF Cable

5.
6.

UNDERGROUND / BURRIED type OF Cables

DUCT Type OF Cable

 Furukawa Fujikura LG

Cables Corning Philips-Fitel Pirelli TTL Sterlite Cables