Module 3 - Basic Electronics

Topic outline
1
2

Introduction to soldering
What is Circuit Board

3 How to solder

Lesson 1: Introduction to soldering

Session Objectives
At the end of this session, you will be able to: Know what soldering is Understand the safety precautions on soldering Learn how to prepare the soldering iron

Introduction
In this session, you will learn and understand the importance and use of a soldering iron for repairing cellular phones.

What is Soldering?
Soldering is the process of using a metal alloy with a low melting temperature (solder) to fuse the electrical contacts of a component to the pads of a circuit board. NOTE: Proper soldering maximizes the strength and conductivity of the connection; and Poor soldering can result in weak connections, higher resistance that causes heat build-up at the connection, and possible failure of the component.

Hot air Gun and Soldering Iron Temperature Setting

Hot air temperature tends to be variable when working on any SMD components. Various Cellular Phones Products use different kinds of solders. The amount of temperature on Hot Air Gun's common setting is between 250-350 degrees Celsius while Soldering Iron is between 200 - 280 degrees Celsius.

Tips for soldering surface mount chip component

Cellular phone components need proper techniques of repairing. There are guidelines to keep in mind. Chip Resistors The component body of chip resistors is made out of alumna; an extremely hard, white colored material. The resistive material is normally located on the top. Chip resistors are usually mounted with the resistive element facing upwards to help dissipate heat.

Ceramic Capacitors These components are constructed from several layers of ceramic with internal metalized layers. Because metal heats up much faster than ceramic, ceramic capacitors need to be heated slowly to avoid internal separations between the ceramic and the metal layers.
NOTE: Avoid rapid heating of ceramic chip capacitors during soldering operations.

Plastic Body Another style of chip component has a molded plastic body that protects the internal circuitry. There are a number of different types of components that share this type of exterior package. The termination styles for plastic chip component packages vary considerably.
MELF - Metal Electrode Face cylindrical components These may be capacitors, resistors, and diodes. It can be hard to tell them apart - since there is no universal coloring or component designators printed on the component bodies.

Safety Precautions
Before proceeding to soldering, these are some safety precautions that you need to know:
I Never touch the tip of the soldering iron. It will give a nasty burn since it is very hot at about 400 Degree Celsius.

II Avoid touching the mains flex with the tip of the iron. Ordinary plastic flex could easily melt once touched by a hot iron and this will cause serious risk of burns and electric shock. III Keep the soldering iron to its stand when not in use. Never put it down on your workbench, even for a moment! IV Work in a well-ventilated area. The smoke formed as you melt solder is mostly from the flux and quite irritating. Avoid breathing it by keeping you head to the side of, not above, your work. V Always wash your hands after using a solder. A Solder contains lead which is a poisonous metal.

Lesson 2: What is Circuit Board

Session Objectives
At the end of this session, you will be able to: Know what a circuit board is Identify the different components on the Printed Circuit Board. Understand the diagrams of a Printed Circuit Board Learn the different circuit symbols

Introduction
In this session, you will learn the function of a Printed Circuit Board (PCB) and identify the components within the PCB.

Printed Circuit Board (PCB)

A printed circuit board is one the main components of a cellular phone. It is considered to be the brain area of the cellular phone and it runs the whole system. A printed circuit board has to be very sturdy to be able to support its components. A printed circuit board is used to connect the electric components with the use of conductive pathways and signal traces through the use of electricity.

Printed Circuit Board (PCB) Components

A printed circuit board consists of several components that work together to ensure the proper functioning of the cellular phone.
COMPONENT Resistors PHOTO FUNCTION Used to limit the flow of current. It has no polarity and is checked by continuity testing (analog or digital type tester). (color; black and shiny, blue or violet)

Inductor

Used together with capacitors as current filters. It has no polarity and is checked by continuity testing (analog or digital type tester). (color; gray or black but not shiny)

Printed Circuit Board (PCB) Components

COMPONENT Fuse PHOTO FUNCTION Used to protect the unit from overload. It has no polarity and is checked by continuity testing (analog or digital type tester). (color; black or white with "K")

Diode

acts as rectifier. It has polarity and is checked by one-sided continuity testing. (color; black with stripe at one end)

Printed Circuit Board (PCB) Components

COMPONENT Capacitor PHOTO FUNCTION Used as voltage filters and can store small amount of electricity. It has polarity and is checked by one-sided continuity testing. (color; yellow or black with clear markings at the back with stripe on one side for polarized capacitors and brown for non-polarized capacitors)

Transistor

Used to amplify voltages. (color; black, it has 3, 5, or 6 pins)

Printed Circuit Board (PCB) Components

COMPONENT Light Emitting Diode (LED) PHOTO FUNCTION Used to illuminate the LCD and keypads. Commonly known as Backlights. Lights on when checking continuity.

Speaker

Converts electrical signals into audible sound. Has cracking sound when testing continuity.

Printed Circuit Board (PCB) Components

COMPONENT Microphone PHOTO FUNCTION converts audible sound into electrical signals. Checked using one-sided continuity test.

Integrated Circuit (IC)

performs multi-task function. Types of IC Packaging: a. Pin type - uses legs made of pins and can be Single InLine Package (SIP) or Dual In-Line Package(DIP) b. BGA (Ball Grid Array) - uses legs made of solder ball.

Diagrams
Diagram is also known as electronic schematic. It is a graphical representation of electrical circuit. It shows the flow of connections between the devices using circuit symbols, including the power and signal connections.
Types of Diagram

Block Diagram
Block diagrams are used to understand (and design) complete circuits by breaking them down into smaller sections or blocks. Each block performs a particular function and the block diagram shows how they are connected together. No attempt is made to show the components used within a block, only the inputs and outputs are shown. This way of looking at circuits is called the systems approach.

Diagrams
Circuit Diagram Circuit diagrams show how electronic components are connected together. In a circuit diagram, each component is represented using circuit symbols.

Diagrams
PCB Diagram PCB Diagram is a graphical representation on how the components are arranged into the printed circuit board.

Circuit Symbols
Circuit symbols are used in circuit diagrams which show how a circuit is connected together. The actual layout of the components is usually quite different from the circuit diagram. To build a circuit, you need a different diagram showing the layout of the parts on a strip board or printed circuit board.
Wires and Connections
COMPONENT CIRCUIT SYMBOL FUNCTION

Wire
Wires joined

To pass current very easily from one part of a circuit to another.

A blob is drawn to show wires are connected. Wires that are connected at crossroads should be separated slightly, as shown in the example on the right.

Wires not joined

In complex diagrams it is often necessary to draw wires crossing even though they are not connected.

Circuit Symbols
Wires and Connections
COMPONENT Wire Cell CIRCUIT SYMBOL FUNCTION To pass current very easily from one part of a circuit to another. Supplies electrical energy. The larger terminal (on the left) is positive (+). A single cell is often called a battery, but strictly a battery is two or more cells joined together. Supplies electrical energy. A battery is more than one cell. The larger terminal (on the left) is positive (+).

Battery

DC Supply

Supplies electrical energy. DC = Direct Current, always flowing in one direction.

AC Supply

Supplies electrical energy. AC = Alternating Current, continually changing direction.

Circuit Symbols
Wires and Connections
COMPONENT Wire Fuse CIRCUIT SYMBOL FUNCTION To pass current very easily from one part of a circuit to another. A safety device which will 'blow' (melt) if the current flowing through it exceeds a specified value.

Transformer

Two coils of wire linked by an iron core. Transformers are used to step up (increase) and step down (decrease) AC voltages. Energy is transferred between the coils by the magnetic field in the core. There is no electrical connection between the coils.

Earth(Ground)

A connection to earth. For many electronic circuits, this is the 0V (zero volts) of the power supply, but for mains electricity and some radio circuits it really means the earth. It is also known as ground.

Circuit Symbols
Switches
COMPONENT Push Switch (push-tomake) CIRCUIT SYMBOL FUNCTION A push switch allows current to flow only when the button is pressed. This is the switch used to operate a doorbell

Push-to-Break Switch

This type of push switch is normally closed (on), it is open (off) only when the button is pressed.
On-Off Switch (SPST) SPST = Single Pole, Single Throw. An on-off switch allows current to flow only when it is in the closed (on) position.

2-way Switch (SPDT)

SPDT = Single Pole, Double Throw. A 2-way changeover switch directs the flow of current to one of two routes according to its position. Some SPDT switches have a central off position and are described as 'on-off-on'.

Circuit Symbols
Switches
COMPONENT Dual On-Off Switch (DPST) CIRCUIT SYMBOL FUNCTION DPST = Double Pole, Single Throw. A dual on-off switch which is often used to switch mains electricity because it can isolate both the live and neutral connections. DPDT = Double Pole, Double Throw. This switch can be wired up as a reversing switch for a motor. Some DPDT switches have a central off position.

Reversing Switch (DPDT)

Relay

An electrically operated switch, for example a 9V battery circuit connected to the coil can switch a 230V AC mains circuit. NO = Normally Open, COM = Common, NC = Normally Closed.

Circuit Symbols
Resistors
COMPONENT Resistor CIRCUIT SYMBOL FUNCTION A resistor restricts the flow of current, for example to limit the current passing through a LED. A resistor is used with a capacitor in a timing circuit. This type of variable resistor with 2 contacts (a rheostat) is usually used to control current. Examples include: adjusting lamp brightness, adjusting motor speed, and adjusting the rate of flow of charge into a capacitor in a timing circuit. This type of variable resistor with 3 contacts (a potentiometer) is usually used to control voltage. It can be used like this as a transducer converting position (angle of the control spindle) to an electrical signal. This type of variable resistor (a preset) is operated with a small screwdriver or similar tool. It is designed to be set when the circuit is made and then left without further adjustment. Presets are cheaper than normal variable resistors so they are often used in projects to reduce the cost.

Variable Resistor (Rheostat)

Variable Resistor (Potentiometer)

Variable Resistor (Preset)

Circuit Symbols
Capacitors
COMPONENT Capacitor CIRCUIT SYMBOL FUNCTION A capacitor stores electric charge. A capacitor is used with a resistor in a timing circuit. It can also be used as a filter, to block DC signals but pass AC signals. A capacitor stores electric charge. This type must be connected the correct way round. A capacitor is used with a resistor in a timing circuit. It can also be used as a filter, to block DC signals but pass AC signals. This type of variable resistor with 3 contacts (a potentiometer) is usually used to control voltage. It can be used like this as a transducer converting position (angle of the control spindle) to an electrical signal. This type of variable capacitor (a trimmer) is operated with a small screwdriver or similar tool. It is designed to be set when the circuit is made and then left without further adjustment.

Capacitor, polarised

Variable Capacitor

Trimmer Capacitor

Circuit Symbols
Transistors
COMPONENT Transistor NPN CIRCUIT SYMBOL FUNCTION A transistor amplifies current. It can be used with other components to make an amplifier or switching circuit.

Transistor PNP

A transistor amplifies current. It can be used with other components to make an amplifier or switching circuit.

Circuit Symbols
Audio and Radio Devices
COMPONENT Microphone CIRCUIT SYMBOL FUNCTION A transducer which converts sound to electrical energy.

Earphone

A transducer which converts electrical energy to sound.

A transducer which converts electrical energy to sound.

Loudspeaker

Circuit Symbols
Audio and Radio Devices
COMPONENT Piezo Transducer CIRCUIT SYMBOL FUNCTION A transducer which converts electrical energy to sound.

Amplifier (general symbol)

An amplifier circuit with one input.It is a block diagram symbol because it represents a circuit rather than just one component.

Aerial (Antenna)

A device which is designed to receive or transmit radio signals. It is also known as an antenna.

Circuit Symbols
Output Devices
COMPONENT Lamp (lighting) CIRCUIT SYMBOL FUNCTION A transducer which converts electrical energy to light. This symbol is used for a lamp providing illumination, for example a car headlamp or torch bulb. A transducer which converts electrical energy to light. This symbol is used for a lamp which is an indicator, for example a warning light on a car dashboard.

Lamp (indicator)

Heater

A transducer which converts electrical energy to heat.

Motor

A transducer which converts electrical energy to kinetic energy (motion).

Circuit Symbols
Output Devices
COMPONENT Bell CIRCUIT SYMBOL FUNCTION A transducer which converts electrical energy to sound.

Buzzer

A transducer which converts electrical energy to sound.

Inductor(Coil, Solenoid)

A coil of wire which creates a magnetic field when current passes through it. It may have an iron core inside the coil. It can be used as a transducer converting electrical energy to mechanical energy by pulling on something.

Lesson 3: How to solder

Session Objectives
At the end of this session, you will be able to: Know the proper techniques of soldering Learn the safety precautions of soldering Understand what a circuit board is and its components Learn the circuit symbols

Introduction
In this session, you will learn, understand and perform the basic steps for soldering different internal components of a cellular phone.

How to solder?
Basic Procedure on How to Solder Note: Please keep in mind safety precautions. Step 1: Clean the surface of the PCB A clean surface is very important for a strong, low resistance solder joint. Step 2: Component Placement In general it is best to start with the smallest and flattest components (resistors, ICs, signal diodes, etc.) and then work up to the larger components (capacitors, power transistors, transformers) after the small parts are done. Step 3: Apply Heat Apply a very small amount of solder to the tip of the iron. This helps conduct the heat to the component and board, but it is not the solder that will make up the joint.

How to solder?
Step 4: Apply Solder To The Joint Once the component lead and solder pad have heated up, you are ready to apply solder. Touch the tip of the strand of solder to the component lead and solder pad, but not the tip of the iron. If everything is hot enough, the solder should flow freely around the lead and pad. You will see the flux melt liquify as well, bubble around the joint (this is part of its cleaning action), flow out and release smoke. Continue to add solder to the joint until the pad is completely coated and the solder forms a small mound with slightly concave sides. If it starts to ball up, you have used too much solder or the pad on the board is not hot enough.

Step 5: Inspect The Joint and Cleanup Once the joint is made, you should inspect it. Check for shorts with adjacent pads or poor flow. If the joint checks out, move on to the next.

Basic De-soldering Procedure

Basic De-soldering Procedure A. Using a de-soldering pump (solder sucker)

Step 1: In setting up the pump, you need to push the Spring-loaded plunger down until it locks.
Step 2: Apply both the pump nozzle and the tip of your Soldering iron to the joint. Step 3: Wait a second or two for the solder to melt. Step 4: Then press the button on the pump to release the Plunger and suck the molten solder into the tool.

Basic De-soldering Procedure

Step 5: Repeat if necessary to remove as much solder as possible.

Step 6: The pump will need emptying occasionally by unscrewing the nozzle.

Basic De-soldering Procedure

Basic De-soldering Procedure B. Using solder remover wick (copper braid) Step 1: Apply both the end of the wick and the tip of your soldering iron to the joint. Step 2: As the solder melts, most of it will flow onto the wick, away from the joint. Step 3: Remove the wick first, then the soldering iron. Step 4: Cut off and discard the end of the wick coated with solder.

Soldering circuit board

Soldering circuit board components
1. IC Holder Place the IC holder into the circuit board, so that the leads on the bottom extend all the way through the holes in the board. Do not attach the IC to the holder yet. Turn the circuit board over so that the bottom is facing up, and heat your soldering iron. Then solder each one of its lead. Use enough solder, this will prevent the solder to pull back from the board. After soldering all its lead, let it cool for a second.

2. Resistors Soldering a resistor is not difficult. You just need to solder the two ends of its lead to the board.

Soldering circuit board

Soldering circuit board components
3. Capacitor Place your capacitor lead to the circuit board. Bend the leads down to hold the capacitor in place as you are soldering. Make sure the capacitor is as tight to the board as possible. Touch the soldering iron to the joint it is sitting on. And wait for a few seconds to let it cool.

4. Inductor Center the electronic component on the circuit board mounting pads. For thru-hole components, feed the leads through the holes and bend the end of the lead over to hold it in place. Apply the solder to the lead. Do not move the component or board until the solder connection cools for a few seconds.