Mainframes

Mainframe Testing
C3: Protected
About the Author

Created By: Mainframe CoE
Credential Information:
Version and Date: ST/PPT/0907/1.0
2007, Cognizant Technology Solutions
Confidential
Icons Used
Hands on Exercise
Questions
Tools
Coding Standards
Test Your Understanding
Reference
Demonstration
A Welcome Break
Contacts
Confidential
TSO/ISPF
C3: Protected
TSO/ISPF: Overview
TSO:
Time Sharing Option (TSO) is a subsystem that runs on the MVS
(Multiple Virtual Storage) operating system on an OS390 machine. This subsystem allows users to interactively work with the system.
ISPF/PDF:
The Interactive System Productivity Facility (ISPF) and its Program
Development Facility (ISPF/PDF) work together with TSO/E to provide panels (screens) with which users can interact. a user to navigate through the panels.
2007, Cognizant Technology Solutions Confidential 5
ISPF provides the
underlying dialog management service that displays panels and enables
ISPF: Features
The following are the salient features of the ISPF:
Provides an on-line environment to interact with MVS. Provides Menu driven interface operation as opposed to TSO, which provides
line mode only. Provides facilities for Editing and Browsing data sets. ISPF uses panels to display and receive information, and allows customization of your ISPF environment. Provides Program Function keys to avoid manual typing of commands. Provides for easy management of datasets through the Dataset menu. Provides extensive facilities for comparing datasets and searching for data. Provides facilities for executing programs in batch or foreground. Provides for debugging of advanced user written ISPF applications. Provides advanced facilities to Create, Delete and Display VSAM datasets. A GUI (Graphical User Interface) to allow a Client/Server Interface between an ISPF Client at a workstation and a host TSO/ISPF session.
Datasets
Files in mainframes are referred as dataset. They are of two types:
PS (Physical Sequential): PS files are flat files, similar to normal text files in
windows.
PDS (Partitioned DataSet): PDS files contains members in it, each member is similar
to a PS. It is similar to a directory in windows with text files inside it.
Confidential
Logging on
COGNIZANT TECHNOLOGY SOLUTIONS CHENNAI SOFTWARE DEVELOPMENT CENTER
CCCCCCCCC\ TTTTTTTTTTTT\ CCCCCCCCCCCC\ TTTTTTTTTTTT\ CCCC CC\ TTTT\ CCC TTTT\ CCC TTTT\ CCCC CC\ TTTT\ CCCCCCCCCCCC\ TTTT\ CCCCCCCCC\ TTTT\ \\\\\\\\\ \\\\\
SSSSSS\ SSSS\ SSS\ SSSS\ SSSS\ SSSS\ SSS\ SSS\ SSSS\ SSSSSS\ \\\\\\\
IBM
S/390
ENTER LOGON OR LOGON <USERID>
CICS1
OR IMS
Confidential
Authentication screen
------------------------------- TSO/E LOGON -----------------------------------
Enter LOGON parameters below: Userid Password ===> USERID ===>
RACF LOGON parameters:
New Password ===> Group Ident ===>
Procedure ===> IKJUSER Acct Nmbr ===> TLGACCT# Size Perform Command ===> ===> ===>
Enter an 'S' before each option desired below: -Nomail -Nonotice -Reconnect
-OIDcard
PF1/PF13 ==> Help PF3/PF15 ==> Logoff PA1 ==> Attention PA2 ==> Reshow You may request specific help information by entering a '?' in any entry field
Confidential
ISPF Main Menu

----------------------OPTION ===> 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 TS SD T D CC X ISPF PARMS BROWSE EDIT UTILITIES FOREGROUND BATCH COMMAND DIALOG TEST DB2 MQSeries TOOLS SDSF TUTORIAL DEBUG TOOL CCCA EXIT ISPF/PDF PRIMARY OPTION MENU ---------------- <USERID> - <CurrentDate> - <CurrentTime> USERID Specify terminal and user parameters DATE Display source data or output listings TIME Create or change source data Perform utility functions Invoke language processors in foreground Submit job for language processing Enter TSO command or CLIST Perform dialog testing Perform DATABASE 2 Interactive Functions Websphere MQ Interactive Functions Tools SDSF Panel Display information about ISPF/PDF Debug Tool Utility Functions COBAL CICS Conversion Aid Terminate ISPF using log and list defaults
Enter END command to terminate ISPF.
Confidential
10
Utility Menu
Menu Help -----------------------------------------------------------------------------Utility Selection Panel Option ===> 1 2 3 4 Library Compress or print data set. Print index listing. Print, rename, delete, browse, edit or view members Data Set Allocate, rename, delete, catalog, uncatalog, or display information of an entire data set Move/Copy Move, or copy members or data sets Dslist Print or display (to process) list of data set names. Print or display VTOC information Reset Reset statistics for members of ISPF library Hardcopy Initiate hardcopy output Transfer Download ISPF Client/Server or Transfer data set Outlist Display, delete, or print held job output Commands Create/change an application command table Format Format definition for formatted data Edit/Browse SuperC Compare data sets (Standard Dialog) SuperCE Compare data sets Extended (Extended Dialog) Search-For Search data sets for strings of data (Standard Dialog) Search-ForE Search data sets for strings of data Extended (Extended Dialog)
5 6 7 8 9 11 12 13 14 15
Confidential
11
Utility Options
Option 2 from the utilities menu (or) 3.2 from the ISPF main menu helps us
to allocate, delete and rename datasets, both PDS and PS.

to move or copy datasets.

to print or display datasets.
Confidential
12
Dataset Allocation
Menu RefList Utilities Help Data Set Utility Option ===>
A R D blank
Allocate new data set Rename entire data set Delete entire data set Data set information
C U S V
Catalog data set Uncatalog data set Short data set information VSAM Utilities
ISPF Library: Project . . Group . . . Type . . . . Other Partitioned, Sequential or VSAM Data Set: Data Set Name . . . Volume Serial . . . (If not cataloged, required for option "C") Data Set Password . . (If password protected)
Confidential
13
Dataset Allocation (Contd)

Menu RefList Utilities Help Allocate New Data Set Command ===>
More:
Data Set Name . . . : . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . (Blank for default management class) (Blank for default storage class) (Blank for system default volume) ** (Generic unit or device address) ** (Blank for default data class) (BLKS, TRKS, CYLS, KB, MB, BYTES or RECORDS) (M, K, or U) (In above units) (In above units) (Zero for sequential data set) *
Management class Storage class . Volume serial . Device type . . Data class . . . Space units . .
Average record unit Primary quantity . Secondary quantity Directory blocks . Record format . . . Record length . . . Block size . . . . Data set name type
. . . . . :
Expiration date . . .
(LIBRARY, HFS, PDS, or blank) * (YY/MM/DD, YYYY/MM/DD YY.DDD, YYYY.DDD in Julian form
Confidential
14
Field Description
Management Class
TSO tries to acquire management-related information (migration, backup,
retention criteria etc) from the Management Class for default dataset information and allocates the dataset. allocation.
Storage Class
Used to obtain the storage-related information (volume serial) for the data set
Data class Used to obtain the data-related information (space units, primary quantity, Primary Quantity
The amount of space allocated for the dataset.
secondary quantity, directory block, record format, record length, and data set name type) for the allocation of the data set.
Secondary Quantity
Used to allocate additional space to the dataset when the space allocated in the
primary allocation is insufficient.
Confidential
15
Field Description (Contd)

Directory blocks
The value in this field determines the number of members in a PDS. A
positive value in this field denotes that the dataset is a PDS and a 0 denotes that the dataset is a PS.
Record Format
The value in this field determines the format of the PDS or PS being
allocated.
Record Length
The value of the length of the records stored in the dataset.
Block Size
The block size, also called physical record length, of the blocks to be
stored in the data set. Use this field to specify how many bytes of data to put into each block, based on the record length.
Confidential
16
Line Commands
After you create & display a data set list, you can enter a line command to
V E B C D R I Z CO MO X NX View Data Set Edit Data Set Browse Data Set Catalog Data Set Delete Data Set Rename Data Set Data Set Information Compress Data Set Copy Move Exclude Data Set Unexclude Data Set
the left of the data set name. The most frequently used line commands are:

Confidential
17
Primary Commands
Following are the list of frequently used primary commands. For more
details on these commands and an exhaustive list, refer to the ISPF manual on the IBM bookshelf.
SORT
Sorts the list of data sets by the specified field. SAVE Writes the data set list to the ISPF list data set or to a sequential dataset RESET Redisplays excluded data sets and removes line commands. FIND Finds a string within the data set name EXCLUDE Excludes a line containing a string within the data set name. DSLSET Displays the data set list settings panel REFRESH Refreshes the displayed list with any changes that have occurred.
Confidential
18
Scrolling
Valid values on the scroll field and their properties are :
CSR
Specifies that the screen will scroll depending on the cursor position PAGE Specifies that the screen will always scroll page by page HALF Specifies that the screen will always scroll by half a page DATA Similar to PAGE, but will scroll by one line nnn Specifies that the cursor will always scroll by the specified number of lines, irrespective of the cursor position. (nnn represents a number)
Confidential
19
Basic Line Commands

A single blank line is inserted with an I in column 1.
IF you want to insert multiple blank lines, type In (where n is the number of
lines required) in the first column and press ENTER.
Enter D in the first column to delete a single line.

If you know the exact number of lines to be deleted, use Dn (Where n is the
number of lines to be deleted). A block of lines can be deleted by placing the lines to be deleted between a pair of DD commands. Place a DD on the first line of the block and a DD on the last line of the block and press ENTER. This deletes all the lines between the DDs
Confidential
20
Move/Copy Commands
The copy and move commands are similar in execution but for the fact that
the Copy command retains the original content but Move remove the content from its original location.
To copy a single line from one location to another, place a C in the first
column on the line to be copied and an A on the line previous to the line where you want the data to be placed and press ENTER. Placing a B instead of A, copies the information before the line. A combination of CC and A/B does the same for a block of lines. Use M and MM with A/B similarly to move the data.
Confidential
21
Commands
Text handling Commands
LC lowercase, to change text from uppercase to lowercase . UC uppercase, to change text from lowercase to uppercase.
Exclude/Show Commands
Use X or XX to exclude one or more lines of data from being displayed on the screen.
X
identifies a line to be excluded. X5 identifies the first of 5 (or any number of) lines to be excluded. XX identifies the first and last lines of a block of lines to be excluded. (Usage is like Block copying)
Confidential
22
SuperCE Compare
Super Compare Extended abbreviated to SuperCE is a versatile tool that
helps us to compare PS datasets, complete PDS, members of PDS or concatenated datasets.

Option 12 in the Utilities Menu is a simple compare utility and option 13
from the Utilities Menu is the extended compare utility.
Confidential
23
SuperCE Compare (Cont.)

Datasets can be compared in the following four ways:
File Comparison
Checks source datasets and lists the difference. Simplest and fastest method Line Comparison Checks the differences at the line level. The output list contains reformatted lines and changed lines. Most frequently used comparison type and typically used for the source change compares Word Comparison Checks the differences at the word level. A word is a string separated by one or more blanks or a line separator. Byte Comparison Byte level comparison with the output in HEX (Like a dump).
Confidential
24
SuperCE Compare (Cont.)

The Compare output can be listed in the following five ways
OVSUM Lists the Overall Summary of the changes. In case of PDS comparison
the list contains a summary for each member compared Delta Frequently used Listing type. Lists the differences and the summary of each dataset compared. Differences are flagged at the left of each line of output. CHNG Lists the differences with a specified number of lines before and after the changes. Makes the user comfortable in reading the output in case of a PDS comparison involving source changes. Long Lists the complete new data set with the old data set deleted data Interspersed in the output listing. Both inserted and deleted output data is flagged. The format is the same as the DELTA with all matching data shown. Nolist Generates no listing output. Used to quickly find if any data is changed between two datasets.
Search-For Utility
This option is used to search for a particular string in a dataset or members
of a PDS
Option 3.14 from the main menu (or) 14 from the Utilities Menu takes you
to the appropriate panel.

The search string can optionally be followed by one of the following
keywords:
WORD PREFIX SUFFIX
Lists full word occurrences of the string Lists only if the string is a prefix to a word. Lists only if the string is a suffix to a word.
Confidential
26
Q&A
Questions from participants
Confidential
27
1. 2. 3. 4.
What is TSO? Which option is used to allocate the new dataset? What is the use of Option 3.3? Which command helps you to replace a particular text in a dataset?
Confidential
28
JCL
C3: Protected
Job Control Language

It consists of control statements that:
introduce a computer job to the operating system
request hardware devices
direct the operating system on what is to be done in terms of running
applications and scheduling resources
Confidential
30
Sending Information to Computer

Interactive Processing
It means that you give the computer a command and the computer responds to
your command request. It is more like a conversation.
Batch Processing
It means that you give the computer a whole group of commands, usually in the
form of some sort of program you have written, and have the computer process this group of commands. It is more like writing a letter.
In mainframes JCL is used for batch processing.
Confidential
31
Basic Syntax
JCL should follow the below syntax
Name field - identifies the statement so that other statements or the system can
refer to it. The name field must begin immediately after the second slash. It can range from 1 to 8 characters in length, and can contain any alphanumeric (A to Z) or national (@ $ #) characters.
Operation field - specifies the type of statement: JOB, EXEC, DD, or an operand
command.
Operand field - contains parameters separated by commas. Parameters are
composites of prescribed words (keywords) and variables for which information must be substituted.
Comments field - optional. Comments can be extended through column 80, and
can only be coded if there is an operand field.
Confidential
32
General Rules
Must begin with // (except for the /* statement) in columns 1 and 2
Is case-sensitive (lower-case is not permitted)

NAME field is optional NAME field should begin in column 3 if used If NAME field is omitted code one or more blanks OPERATION field must begin on or before column 16 OPERANDS must end before column 72 OPERANDS are separated by commas All fields, except for the operands, must be separated by one blank
Confidential
33
Types of JCL statements

There are three types of JCL statements. They are:
JOB Identifies the beginning of a job
EXEC Indicates what work is to be done DD
Data Definition, i.e., identifies what resources (datasets) are needed and where to find them
Confidential
34
The Job Statement

The JOB statement informs the operating system of the start of a job, gives
the necessary accounting information, and supplies run parameters. Each job must begin with a single JOB statement .
The various fields in the job statement are:
//jobname JOB USER=userid, TIME=m, MSGCLASS=class, NOTIFY=userid

Jobname JOB Userid
A descriptive name assigned to the job by the user Keyword that indicates the beginning of a job It is 1 to 7 character user identification assigned to access the system TIME Total minutes allowed for a job to execute MSGCLASS Describes where the output of a job log should be directed NOTIFY User-id of the user who receives a TSO message upon completion of the job
The EXEC Statement

The EXEC (execute) statement is used to identify the application program
or cataloged procedure or in-stream procedure that this job is to execute and to tell the system how to process the job.
The syntax of EXEC statement is:

//stepname EXEC procedure (Or) //stepname EXEC PGM=program
stepname An optional 1 to 8 character word used to identify the step EXEC
Keyword that indicates you want to invoke a program or cataloged procedure procedure Name of the cataloged procedure to be executed program Name of the program to be executed
Data Definition (DD) Statement

A DD (Data Definition) statement must be included after the EXEC
statement for each data set used in the step. volume to use, and the data set disposition.
The DD statement gives the data set name, I/O unit, perhaps a specific The DD statement may also give the system various information about the
data set: its organization, record length, blocking, and so on.
The syntax for DD statement is:
//ddname DD operand1,operand2,etc. where

ddname - a 1 to 8 character name given to the DD statement DD - DD statement identifier or keyword operand - parameters used to define the input or output dataset
Data Definition (DD) Statement (Cont...)

An eg. Of Data Definition is like this:
//ddname DD UNIT=unittype, // DSN=userid.datasetname, // DISP=(beginning,normal-end,abnormal-end), // SPACE=(TRK,(primary,secondary,directory)), // RECFM=xx,LRECL=yy,MGMTCLAS=retainx
Confidential
38
Disposition (DISP) Parameters

The DISP parameter describes the current status of the data set (old, new,
or to be modified).
Directs the system on the disposition of the dataset (pass, keep, catalog,
uncatalog, or delete) either at the end of the step or if the step abnormally terminates.
DISP is always required unless the data set is created and deleted in the
same step.
Confidential
39
Beginning Dispositions
The various beginning disposition parameters are:
NEW creates a new data set OLD designates an existing data set; it can be an input data set or an output data
set to rewrite
SHR identical to OLD except that several jobs may read from the data set at the
same time.
MOD modifies a sequential data set - positions the pointer at the end of the data
set in order to add new data to the data set.
Confidential
40
Normal and Abnormal termination Dispositions

Normal disposition, the second term in the DISP parameter, indicates the
disposition of the data set when the data set is closed or when the job terminates normally.
The abnormal dispositions, is effective only if the step abnormally terminates,
parameters are the same as normal dispositions except that PASS is not allowed.
The various parameters are:
PASS passes the data set on to subsequent job steps, and each step can use the data set
once.
KEEP keeps non-temporary data sets. DELETE deletes data sets. CATLG catalogs a non-temporary data set. CATLG is similar to KEEP except that the unit
and volume of the data set are recorded in the catalog along with the data set name.
UNCATLG un-catalogs a data set. UNCATLG is the same as KEEP except that the data set
name is removed from the catalog.

Space parameter
All new data sets on disk volumes must be allocated space. Storage on disk
volumes can be allocated in units of blocks, cylinders, tracks, kilobytes, and bytes. The space may be requested as a primary and a secondary quantity. The primary quantity is allocated when the data set is opened with a disposition of NEW. The secondary quantity is allocated if the primary quantity is exceeded. The syntax for space parameter is: // SPACE=(TRK,(primary,secondary,directory)) where
primary
Allocates this amount of space initially secondary Allocates this amount of space each time more is needed (up to 15 times) directory reserve this amount of blocks to keep the directory of a partitioned dataset (NOT USED for a sequential dataset).1 directory block allows 5 members in a partitioned dataset
Dataset Attributes
Data Set attributes are:
RECFM=xx specifies the record format. The format can be one or more of the
following characters: F fixed-length V variable-length U undefined-length FB fixed and blocked FBA fixed, blocked, with ANSI carriage control characters VB variable and blocked VBA variable, blocked, with ANSI carriage control characters LRECL=yy specifies the length of records BLKSIZE=zz specifies the blocksize, this denotes the number of records read in a single read operation
Confidential
43
JCL ABEND CODES

ABEND is the acronym of ABnormalEND. This is similar to run-time exceptions in windows platform. JCL ABEND codes are:
S0CB Attempting to divide by 0 and not using ON SIZE ERROR S002 Very large record length/ wrong record length S222 The job was cancelled (by subsystem or operator) because it
S522 S806 S837 S913 SOC7 SOC4 S0C1 SE37
violated some restriction JOB or TSO session exceeded maximum job wait time OR operator did not mount the require tape within allowed time limit Load module not found Space problem, Allotted space is not enough for data set You are trying to access a dataset which you are not authorized to use. 1. Moving non-numeric value to numeric field 2. Not initializing the numeric variables before first use 1. Index exceeds the size of table 2. Trying to use File Section variables without opening the file Operation Exception. Check for subscript errors, missing DD card, file not opened. Insufficient disk space.
Questions
Confidential
45
1.What is JCL? 2. Which statement informs the operating system about the start of a job? 3. What is the function of DD statements?
Confidential
46
VSAM
C3: Protected
VSAM
What is VSAM?
VSAM is Virtual Storage Access Method It is a method used to move data between Disk and Main Storage
VSAM acts as interface between Operating System and Application Program

Interface between Main Storage and Disk It is a file-system where files are stored with either index or relative byte
address.
Confidential
48
File Access Methods

There are three types of file access methods:
Sequential (Reading from beginning to end) Random (Records are read by the value in the key) Direct (Records are read based on their physical location/address on disk)
VSAM supports all these methods
Confidential
49
VSAM Datasets
VSAM datasets are of 4 types:
ESDS Entry Sequenced Data Set
KSDS Key Sequenced Data Set RRDS Relative Record Data Set LDS
Linear Data Set
Traditional access Methods

QSAM (Queried Sequential Access Method) BSAM (Basic Sequential Access Method) for flat files ISAM (Index Sequential Access Method) for Index files BDAM (Basic Direct Access Method) for direct access files
IDCAMS
IDCAMS utility is used to handle VSAM data sets
Some of the functions are as follows,
DESCRIPTION Create Copy Print Delete Lists Characteristics
KEYWORDS DEFINE REPRO PRINT DELETE LISTCAT
Confidential
51
VSAM Dataset Organization

VSAM Data Set can contain three major components
CLUSTER (Catalog entry) INDEX DATA (Actual data)
VSAM Data Set is referred by cluster name in JCL
Confidential
52
INDEX
Separate entity VSAM builds Index when data is loaded Index is organized as Inverted Binary Tree VSAM compresses keys to conserve space
Can have several Levels of Indexes
Confidential
53
ESDS
The features of ESDS is as follows,
Similar to Sequential File
Sequenced by the order in which data is entered/loaded

New Records are added at the end only (chronological order) Supports both Fixed and Variable formats Contains only CLUSTER & DATA components No INDEX component exists for ESDS Only sequential access is possible through Batch COBOL Programs
Confidential
54
RRDS
The features of RRDS is as follows,
Has only CLUSTER and DATA components No INDEX component exists for RRDS Records are stored as numbered, fixed length slots Each record is given a number Relative Record Number (RRN) Records can be deleted physically Empty slots are filled up with new records without shifting existing
records No primary Index or Alternate Index Supports Fixed and Variable formats RRN cannot be changed
Confidential
55
KSDS
The features of KSDS is as follows,
Has all three components of VSAM (CLUSTER, INDEX and DATA) Key sequenced Primary key should be unique Records can be deleted physically Primary key cannot be changed Allows Alternate Index Supports all the access methods (Sequential, Random, Dynamic) While loading the data into a KSDS, the records need to be sorted on
Primary key in ascending order
Confidential
56
IDCAMS
Always has the following JCL structure
//STEP010 EXEC PGM=IDCAMS //SYSPRINT DD SYSOUT=* //SYSIN DD* <IDCAMS command from col.2 to col.72> /* //* Basic IDCAMS Commands
DEFINE (Cluster, Alternate Index etc.) BUILDINDEX (Alternate Index)
REPRO (Cluster)
LISTCAT (Catalog Entries) IMPORT / EXPORT (Cluster) VERIFY (Cluster)
DEFINE
DEFINE command is used to create a Cluster, Index or
Alternate Index. The below is a example of DEFINE command, to create a KSDS,

DEFINE CLUSTER (NAME (CTS.KSDS.CLUSTER) CYLINDER (5 1) VOLUMES (WORK01) RECORDSIZE (120 124) KEYS (8 0) INDEXED) DATA NAME (CTS.KSDS.DATA)) INDEX (NAME (CTS.KSDS.INDEX)) -
In the above example - is the continuation character.

INDEXED is the keyword to denote it is a KSDS.
Confidential
58
REPRO
REPRO

Load and backup utility command Can be used against empty / loaded VSAM file with another VSAM file or sequential file Can be used against all four types of VSAM datasets The below is the syntax of repro,
REPRO INDATASET (DSN) or INFILE (DD1) OUTDATASET (DSN) or OUTFILE (DD2) SKIP (count) COUNT (count) FROMKEY FROMADDRESS FROMNUMBER TOKEY TOADDRESS TONUMBER REUSE/REPLACE
INFILE or INDATASET parameter is mandatory, similarly OUTFILE or OUTDATASET is
mandatory All other parameters are optional
Confidential
59
REPRO (Contd.,)
SKIP specifies number of input records to skip before
beginning to copy COUNT specifies number of output records to copy REUSE parameter
Can be used only if the VSAM dataset was originally defined with REUSE
option Has the effect of logically deleting records before loading
REPLACE parameter
Replaces the records for which primary keys are matching between
input and output records If not specified, the matching key records are untouched If the target is ESDS the records are appended and REPLACE is inappropriate.
ALTER & DELETE

ALTER
Used to change parameters such as FREESPACE Has no effect on existing CI & CA splits Syntax: ALTER entry-name
DELETE
DELETE <object name> (parameters)
Example: DELETE CTS.NLT.CLUSTER Deletes all subordinate objects such as AIX, Path
Some Common DELETE Parameters

ERASE / NO ERASE : ERASE writes binary zeroes after deletion PURGE / NO PURGE: PURGE allows deletion even though expiration date is still due ALTERNATE INDEX Or AIX: Deletes only Alternate index of the cluster PATH : Requests only path name to be deleted. FORCE / NO FORCE : FORCE deletes the dataset even if it is not empty
All the delete parameters are optional

2007, Cognizant Technology Solutions Confidential
61
Batch Execution
C3: Protected
Batch Execution: Objectives

Objective:
After completing this chapter, you will be able to:
What is Job Steps of Job Processing Define Job Class and Job Priority
Confidential
63
Job and Job Processing : Introduction

A job is a set of data and the instructions that tell the system what you want it to do
with that data.

A batch job is submitted to the system in its entirety, including instructions and
data.
The SUBMIT command in TSO sends jobs to z/OS (OS/390).
Batch Job Processing

system assigns it a five-digit JOB-ID to each new job, it will exist until it leaves
the system . It uniquely identifies your job . JES2 (Job Entry Subsystem) controls the processing of batch jobs. When a job is submitted, the userid and password are checked. Jobs are submitted in job classes, which specify the type of job, and help determine the priority . The job's position in the queue depends upon several factors like job class , job's size, amount of time the job is in the system.
Job Processing (continued)

When the job finishes executing, it is placed into a queue of jobs waiting to be
printed. Priorities within this queue are determined by the amount of output for the job. When all output for the job is completed, it is removed from the system (purged). Any job that remains in the system for ten days or longer will be automatically purged by the system.
Confidential
65
Job Class and Priority

Job Class:
The CLASS= parameter on the JOB statement alters the priority at which your OS/390
batch jobs will be run.

CLASS=A is the default job class. Class A runs at normal priority with regular rates.
Job Priority:
Jobs are assigned a priority for execution according to their job class and estimated
execution time .
The priority of some jobs increases at regular intervals while the job is awaiting
execution. This is called priority aging .

The output priority for these jobs is equal to the execution priority . The priority of the job decreases as the volume of output increases.
Confidential
66
Job Class and Priority (continued)

LOW - will be run at the operator's discretion when they will not interfere with the running of other
jobs .
PRODUCTION - (Class P) can be defined as I/O-bound jobs. They are run in first-in/first-run order.
STANDBY - will be run at the operator's discretion on nights and weekends when they are not likely to
interfere with higher priority jobs.

VERYSLOW - jobs are run only during the weekend operating hours at the discretion of the Shift
Supervisor .
RESEARCH - class (Class R) is for CPU-intensive research computing jobs. EVENING RESEARCH -
(Class S) is for CPU-intensive research computing jobs.

RCI - jobs (classes G and H) are reserved for special Research Computing . WEEKEND (W) - is for research applications only and is available on weekends and holidays. CNS UTILITIES (U) - limited to certain CNS utilities such as XFER3 (funds transfer). FAST BATCH (Q) - is limited to educational applications with a maximum of 2 seconds of CPU time. URGENT (5) - jobs (Class 5) are for fast processing .
Job Class and Priority (continued)

Computation of Execution Priority
The execution priority of a Class A job is based on estimated execution time. As the job awaits
execution, its priority ages every hour.
Computation of Print Priority

Priority for printing is based on the actual number of lines of output a job produces, NOT the number
of lines estimated.
The print priority of LOW, STANDBY, VERYSLOW, or URGENT jobs does not age, but stays at 1, 0, 0, or
14 respectively.
Hints for Improving Batch Job Turnaround Time

Submit your batch jobs late in the day, when the demand for resources is lower. Invest some time in desk-checking your programs before you submit them.. Use Class Q compilers or Class U utilities whenever possible. Analyze your program's needs and accurately estimate your CPU request in your JCL. If you are going to use a program repeatedly, compile and link-edit it so you do not have to wait for it to be compiled and link-edited each time you run it.
Confidential
68
Confidential
69
1. What is the batch Job?

2. What are different job class are there and how they help ?
Confidential
70
Batch Execution : Summary

In this chapter you have learnt about
Introduction to Batch Job
Job Processing Job priorities Different types of class
Confidential
71
COBOL Basics
Common Business Oriented Language
C3: Protected
COBOL - Overview
Introduction:
COBOL is English like language and hence is easy to learn Can be used with any database like DB2, IDMS, and VSAM Can handle huge volumes of data COBOL applications can be easily maintained
Confidential
73
COBOL: Objectives
Objective:
Describe all Divisions and Sections List all the Data names and Picture Clause
Define Redefine, Rename, Usage, Computational clauses

Describe the File operations Describe Compiler directive
Confidential
74
Divisions
There are 4 divisions which form the principal portions of a program. They are
Identification (Required) Environment (Optional) Data (Optional) Procedure (Required)
Identification Division: The Identification Division names the program and, optionally, documents the date the program was written, the compilation date and other pertinent information.
Syntax IDENTIFICATION DIVISION. PROGRAM-ID. PGM-NAME. [AUTHOR. Comment Entry] [INSTALLATION. Comment Entry] [DATE-WRITTEN. Comment Entry] [DATE-COMPILED. Comment Entry]
Confidential
75
Environmental Division
Environment Division :
This division contains machine dependent details such as Computer(s) used and peripheral devices. It has got two section. CONFIGURATION SECTION- Identifies the computer used for compiling of programs INPUT-OUTPUT SECTION - Identifies the files and the input-output resource used by the program
Syntax ENVIRONMENT DIVISION. CONFIGURATION SECTION. [SOURCE-COMPUTER. Comments.] [OBJECT-COMPUTER. Comments.] INPUT-OUTPUT SECTION. [FILE-CONTROL.] [File control entries] [I-O CONTROL.] [I-O control entries]
Confidential
76
Data Division and Procedure Division

Data Division:
The Data Division defines the nature and characteristics of all data (variables) the program is to process. This includes both Input/Output data and data used for internal processing. Data Division has the following section
1. FILE SECTION This describes most of the data that is sent to, or coming from, the computers peripherals. 2.WORKING-STORAGE SECTION This describes the general variables used in the program. 3.LINKAGE SECTION This establishes link between two programs.
Procedure Division:

Includes statements and sentences necessary for reading input, processing it and writing the output. Contains instructions that are executed by the computer at the RUN TIME. All the data described in the DATA DIVISION are processed here and desired results are produced. Its hierarchical in structure consists of Sections, Paragraphs, Sentences and Statements. Should contain at least one paragraph, sentence and statement.
Confidential
77
Data Types in COBOL

Alphabetic Numeric
Alphanumeric
Edited numeric Edited alphanumeric
Figurative constants:
Figurative constants ZERO(S) or ZEROES Meaning Represents the value 0, one or more depending on the context
SPACE(S) HIGH-VALUE(S) LOW-VALUE(S) QUOTE(S) ALL literal
Represents one or more spaces Represents the highest value Represents the lowest value Represents single or double quotes Fill With Literal
Confidential
78
Data Names and Picture Clause

DATA NAMES: Are named memory locations (similar to variables in other programming languages).
Must be described in the DATA DIVISION before they can be used in the PROCEDURE DIVISION
Can be at most 30 characters in length, Only alphabets, digits and hyphen are allowed. The description of a data name is done with the aid of
(1) Level number expresses data hierarchy

(2) PICTURE clause specifies data type and storage (3) VALUE clause initializes the data names
PICTURE clause: Is used to specify the following

(1) The data type (2) The storage requirement
Can be abbreviated as PIC.
Confidential
79
Level Numbers & Picture Clause

Level syntax number:
LEVEL NUMBER 1 02 49 66 Description Record Description for files and independent data items Fields within records and sub-items RENAMES Clause Coding Rules Must begin in Area A Can begin in Area A or Area B Must begin in Area A
77
88
Independent elementary items

Condition Names
Must begin in Area A

Can begin in Area A or Area B
Picture Clause:
PICTURE Symbol 9 A X Meaning Numeric Alphabetic Alphanumeric
Confidential
80
REDEFINES Clause
The REDEFINES clause allows the same area to be referred by more than one data name with different sizes and pictures.
Syntax: Level-number data-name-1 REDEFINES data-name-2
The level-number of data-name-1 and data-name-2 must be identical When the REDEFINES clause is used to 01 level, data-name-1 and data-name-2 must be of same size but the size can be varying for data-name-1 and data- name-2 for other levels. This clause must not be used for level-number 66 or 88 The redefining entry (data-name-1) and any sub-ordinate entries must not contain any VALUE clauses OCCURS and REDEFINE clause cannot be specified at a time in the same entry. The REDEFINES clause must not be used for records (01 level) described in the FILE SECTION. The appearance of multiple 01 entry in the record description is assumed to be the redefinition of the first 01 level record.
implicitly
81
RENAMES Clause:
RENAMES allows re-grouping of elementary data items in a record so that they can belong to the original as well as to the new group .
Syntax: 66 data-name-1 RENAMES data-name-2 THRU data-name-3
The RENAMES clause must be used only with the special level number 66 Cannot Rename 77 ,88, 66 or 01 levels.
Data-name-2 and data-name-3 can be the names of elementary items or group items. They however cant be items of levels 01,66,77 or 88
Neither data-name-2 nor data-name-3 can have an OCCURS clause in its description entry, nor can they be subordinate to an item that has an occurs clause in its data description entry Data-name-3, if mentioned, must follow data-name-2, in the record and must not be one of it sub fields.
Confidential
82
USAGE Clause:
These are forms of internal representation of data in the memory.
1.Computational 2. Display 3.Packed decimal
The syntax of the USAGE clause is USAGE IS {BINARY COMP COMPUTATIONAL COMP-1 COMPUTATIONAL-1 COMP-2 COMPUTATIONAL-2 COMP-3 COMPUTATIONAL-3 COMP-4 COMPUTATIONAL-4 DISPLAY PACKED-DECIMAL}
Confidential
83
Binary Clause
Specified for binary data items.
Such items have a decimal equivalent consisting of the decimal digits 0 through 9, plus a sign. Negative numbers are represented as the two's complement of the positive number with the same absolute value.
The amount of storage occupied by a binary item depends on the number of decimal digits defined in its PICTURE clause
Digits in PICTURE Clause Storage Occupied
1 through 4 5 through 9 10 through 18
2 bytes (halfword) 4 bytes (fullword) 8 bytes (doubleword)
COMPUTATIONAL or COMP: This is the equivalent of BINARY. The COMPUTATIONAL phrase is synonymous with BINARY.
Computational Clauses
COMPUTATIONAL-1 or COMP-1 (Floating-Point): Specified for internal floating-point items (for single precision). COMP-1 items are 4 bytes long(1 Word). The number is actually represented in Hexadecimal form. The PIC clause cannot be specified for this item COMPUTATIONAL-2 or COMP-2 (Long Floating-Point) Specified for internal floating-point items (double precision). COMP-2 items are 8 bytes long(2 word). The advantage is that this increases the precision of the data, which means more significant digits can be available for the item. The PIC clause cannot be specified COMPUTATIONAL-3 or COMP-3 (Internal Decimal) This is the equivalent of PACKED-DECIMAL. In this form of internal representation the numeric data is represented in the decimal form, but one digit takes half-a-byte. The sign is stored separately as rightmost half-a-byte regardless of whether S is specified in the PIC clause or not. The hexadecimal number C or F denotes positive sign and D denotes negative sign. The number of bytes = n+1/2 Where n is the number of places specified in PIC clause
Index Clause
Index Clause: An index data item is a 4-byte elementary item (not necessarily connected with any table).
The USAGE IS INDEX clause can be written at any level. An index data item cannot be a conditional variable.The DATE
FORMAT, JUSTIFIED, PICTURE, BLANK WHEN ZERO, SYNCHRONIZED, or VALUE clauses cannot be used to describe group or elementary items described with the USAGE IS INDEX clause.
Procedure Division Verbs

Data movement Verb Move copies data from the source identifier or literal to one or more destination identifiers Syntax: MOVE {identifier, literal} to {indentifier} Arithmetic Verbs
1.ADD 2.SUBTRACT 3.MULTIPLY 4.DIVIDE 5.COMPUTE
Input / Output Verbs

1. ACCEPT Verb Syntax: ACCEPT identifier [ FROM { DATE, DAY, TIME, mnemonic-name }]. 2. DISPLAY Verb Syntax: DISPLAY { identifier-1, literal-1 } .
Sequence control Verbs

1. GO TO 2. IF . . . THEN . . . 3. EVALUATE 4. STOP RUN 5. PERFORM
Confidential
87
Files
FILE Types:
1.Sequential 2.Indexed 3.Relative
FILE OPERATIONS: OPEN :

Syntax:open { INPUT file-name1 OUTPUT file-name2 ... I-O file-name3 ... EXTEND file-name4 ... } ...
Opens the file for processing EXTEND is allowed only for sequential files (not for VSE) OUTPUT clears the file of its existing
CLOSE: CLOSE file-name1 ... Closes the open file Terminates the file processing
Read Clause
READ: Format-1 - Sequential Read
Syntax: READ file-name-1 NEXT RECORD [ INTO identifier-1 ] [ AT END imperative-stmt-1] [ NOT AT END imperative-stmt-2 ] [ END-READ ]
NEXT phrase is optional for SEQUENTIAL access mode & a must for DYNAMIC Format-2 - Random Read
Syntax: READ file-name-1 RECORD [ INTO identifier-1 ] [ KEY IS data-name-1 ] [ INVALID KEY imperative-stmt-3 ] [ NOT INVALID KEY imperative-stmt-4 ] [ END-READ ]
Indexed random read 1.Data name specified in KEY phrase 2.The prime RECORD KEY data name is taken if KEY phrase not specified Relative random read The KEY phrase must not be specified Statement reads the record whose relative record number is contained in the RELATIVE KEY data item,
Confidential
89
Start Clause
Syntax: START file-name [ KEY IS { EQUAL TO data-name] = , GREATER THAN , > , NOT LESS THAN, NOT < THAN } [ INVALID KEY imperative-stmt-1 ] [ NOT INVALID KEY imperative-stmt-2 ] [ END-START ]
Enables the positioning of the pointer at a specific point in an indexed or relative file. File should be opened in Input or I-O mode. Access mode must be Sequential or Dynamic. Invalid Key arises if the record position is empty. When KEY phrase is not specified KEY EQUAL TO primary key is implied. File position indicator points to the first record in the file whose key field satisfies the comparison.
Confidential
90
Rewrite Clause
Syntax: REWRITE record-name [ FROM id-1] [ INVALID KEY imperative-stmt-1] [ NOT INVALID KEY imperative-stmt-2 ] [ END-REWRITE ]
Updates an existing record in a file File should be opened in I-O mode After a REWRITE statement with the FROM phrase is executed, the information is still available in identifier-1 File position indicator not affected For Sequential files - INVALID KEY not allowed - Record length cant change
Confidential
91
Delete Clause
Syntax: DELETE file-name-1 RECORD [ INVALID KEY imperative-stmt-1] [ NOT INVALID KEY imperative-stmt-2] [ END-DELETE ]
For a file in sequential access mode, the last input/output statement must have been a successfully executed READ statement. When the DELETE statement is executed, the system removes the record retrieved by that READ statement. File should be opened in I-O mode. For Random or Dynamic access system removes record pointed by the RECORD key(KSDS) or RELATIVE key(RRDS) For indexed files, the key can then be reused for record addition.
For relative files, the space is then available a new record with the same RELATIVE KEY value.
The file position indicator is not affected by execution of the DELETE statement.
Confidential
92
Sort
Syntax: SORT file-1 { ON {ASCENDING DESCENDING} KEY id-1... } ... [WITH DUPLICATES IN ORDER] [COLLATING SEQUENCE IS alphabet-name-1] {USING file-2 INPUT PROCEDURE proc-nm-1 [THRU proc-nm-2]} {GIVING file-3 OUTPUT PROCEDURE IS proc-nm-3 [THRU proc-nm-4]}
For arranging the records in some predetermined order based on some fields.

The fields based on which the records are sequenced are called SORT KEYS and cannot be variably located. The sequencing can be ascending or descending order of the KEY and by default it is ascending. The SORT work file needs to be defined in the SD entry of File Section When USING / GIVING option is specified the input / output file(s) to sort must not be open SORT
Sort (cont)
Input Procedure: For editing the records that need to be sorted before the sort operation
The SORT statement implicitly performs the procedure specified in the INPUT PROCEDURE before sort operation., Then the processed records are released to SORT operation using RELEASE statement.
Release: Transfers records to the initial phase of sort operation, Its like WRITE statement.
If INPUT PROCEDURE is used, at-least one RELEASE statement must be executed
Output Procedure: The output procedure is performed implicitly by sort statement in order to perform editing on the sorted records.
The output procedure gets the sorted records by means of RETURN statement that is discussed later in this chapter.
Return: Transfers records from the final phase of a sorting or merging operation to an OUTPUT PROCEDURE.Its like READ statement
Merge
Combines two or more identically sorted files and makes records available in sorted order in a single file.
Syntax: MERGE file-1 { ON {ASCENDING DESCENDING} KEY id-1... } ... [COLLATING SEQUENCE IS alphabet-name-1] USING file-2 [file-3 ...] {GIVING file-4 OUTPUT PROCEDURE IS proc-nm-1 [THRU proc-nm-2]}
The Merge work file needs to be defined in the SD entry of file section. When USING / GIVING option is specified the input / output file(s) to merge must not be open.
The key used in the MERGE statement cannot be variably located.

When the file referenced by filename-1 is merged control passes to first stmt in the OUTPUT PROCEDURE.
Sub Program
Call: Syntax:
CALL { id-1 lit-1} [ USING { [BY REFERENCE ] { id-2 file-name-1 ADDRESS OF id-3} ... BY CONTENT { [LENGTH OF] id-2 ADDRESS OF id-3 lit-1} ...} ... ] [ON {OVERFLOW imperative stmt-1] EXCEPTION] [ NOT ON EXCEPTION imperative stmt-2] [END-CALL]
Transfers control from one object program to another within the run unit. Called program starts executing from: - Top of program - ENTRY label (not good programming practice) Transfer control methods - Call nested program - Static call - Dynamic call Parameters to called program: - By reference - By content Return of control depends on the termination stmt issued by the called program - Stop run unit - Return to called program
Sub Program (cont)

Call rules: Address of option can be used only for Linkage variables with level 01 or 77 Called program must not execute a CALL statement that directly or indirectly calls the calling program (Recursion not allowed) Exit:
Syntax: EXIT program.
Specifies the end of a called program and returns control to the calling program EXIT PROGRAM stmt in a called program with INITIAL attribute is equivalent to executing a CANCEL, EXIT PROGRAM executed in a main program has no effect.
Stop:
Syntax: STOP {RUN lit-1}
Halts execution of the program : - Permanently (RUN option) - Temporarily (Lit-1 option)
Confidential
97
Search
To search a table element that satisfies a specified condition SEARCH VARYING LINEAR SEARCH SEARCH ALL
Search Syntax: SEARCH id-1 [ VARYING { id-2 index-name-1 } ] [ AT END imperative-statement-1 ] WHEN condition-1 { imper-stmt2 NEXT SENTENCE } [ END-SEARCH ] This search is serial search or linear search Set starting points of index. The increment of the index taken care of by the search statement itself. The table may sorted or not SEARCH ALL Syntax: SEARCH ALL id-1 [ AT END imperative-statement-1 ] WHEN { dataname-1= equal-clause Condition-name-1} NEXT SENTENCE } [ END-SEARCH ] This SEARCH all is the Binary search. Initial setting of index ignored, but if set it must not be greater than the maximum For this search the table needs to be in sorted order using ASCENDING/DESCENDING option in occurs clause
Confidential
98
Questions
Confidential
99

1. What are the different Divisions and Sections in Cobol? 2.What is the level number for rename and conditional clauses? 3.How many bytes Comp variables takes?
4. What will happen if both the input files for merge is un-sorted?
5. What will happen if STOP RUN used in the sub program?
Confidential
100
Introduction to CICS
Customer Information Control System
C3: Protected
Introduction to CICS
Introduction:
CICS (Customer Information Control System) is the font-end or online system
for mainframes. CICS is an IBM product, introduced in 1970s. It is a separate sub-system in MVS operating system. It supports large number of concurrent users accessing the online programs.
Confidential
102
Objectives
After completing this chapter, you will be able to understand the following:
Basic terminology in CICS Hierarchy of CICS Objects Naming Conventions Introduction to Creating Maps Creating Mapset Creating Map Creating Fields Sample Map Viewing a Map Embedding CICS in COBOL Sample CICS-COBOL Compile JCL
Confidential
103
Basic Terminology in CICS

Terminology:
Field is basic element in CICS UI (User Interface). Each and every option available in the
screen is called as a field. Similar to Textbox, Label, etc., in windows operating system.
Map is the Representation of one screen format. It is a collection of fields. It is
synonymous to screens / windows in Windows operating system.

Mapset is a collection of maps linked together. It is used to logically group the maps. Transaction-ID is the unique four digit number assigned to each online program.
Symbolic Map is the copybook generated after compilation of a map.

Physical Map is the load-module (binary file) generated after compilation of a map.
Confidential
104
Hierarchy of CICS Objects

Transaction
Calls / Uses
Mapset
Contains
Map
Contains
Field
Confidential
105
Naming Conventions
The below naming convention should be used while creating Maps or
CICS-COBOL programs
S. No
1
2 3 4 5
Object
Map
Mapset CICS-COBOL program Load Module Transaction ID
Name to be Used
Map Name Allocated by Mainframe Administrator
Mapset Name Allocated by Mainframe Administrator Program Name Allocated by Mainframe Administrator Same as CICS-COBOL program name Transaction ID allocated by Mainframe Administrator
Confidential
106
Introduction to Creating Maps
Maps can be created using BMS (Basic Mapping Support) assembler macros. Three types of Macros are DFHMSD - Define or End a Mapset definition. DFHMDI - Define or End a Map definition. DFHMDF - Define a field. While creating maps, follow the below order:
Mapset Map A Field A Field Map A Field A Field Map A Field A Field
Column format for coding :

Col.1 Name Col.16 Operation Operands (Parameters separated by commas)
Col.72 Continuation Character

Confidential 107
Creating Mapset
Mapset can be created using DFHMSD macro.
Syntax for creating a Mapset:
[mapset] DFHMSD [TYPE=DSECT | MAP | &SYSPARM | FINAL] [, MODE=IN | OUT | INOUT] [, LANG=ASM | COBOL | PL1] [, STORAGE=AUTO | BASE=name] [, CTRL=(PRINT, FREEKB, ALARM, FRSET)] [, EXTATT=NO | MAPONLY | YES] [, COLOR=DEFAULT | COLOR] [, HIGHLIGHT=OFF | BLINK | REVERSE | UNDERLINE] [, PS=BASE | psid] [, VALIDN=([MUSTFILL][, MUSTENTER][, TRIGGER])]] [, TERM=terminal type |, SUFFIX=n] [, TIOAPFX=YES | NO] [, MAPATTS=(attr1, attr2,)] [, DSATTS=(attr1, attr2,)] [, OUTLINE=BOX | ([LEFT][, RIGHT][, OVER][, UNDER])] [, SOSI=NO | YES] [, TRANSP=YES | NO] [, PARTN=(name [, ACTIVATE])] [, LDC=MNEMONIC] [, OBFMT=YES | NO] [, HTAB=tab [, tab]] [, VTAB=tab [, tab]] [, DATA=FIELD | BLOCK] [, FLDSEP=char | X hex-char]]
Confidential
108
Creating Mapset (Contd.)

Sample program:
Mapset1 DFHMSD TYPE=&&SYSPARM, CTRL=(FREEKB,FRSET), LANG=COBOL, STORAGE=AUTO, TIOAPFX=YES, MODE=INOUT, TERM=3270 . Map Definitions .. DFHMSD TYPE=FINAL END X
X X X X X
Where,
Mapset1
Mapset name, can't be more than 8 characters, and must start in the 1st column. CTRL=(FREEKB,FRSET) Control parameters, FREEKB is used to free the keyboard when an ABEND occurs. LANG=COBOL Map will be used in COBOL program, so the symbolic map (copybook) will be generated in COBOL format. STORAGE=AUTO Memory will allocated by CICS. TYPE=FINAL End of the mapset.
Creating Map
Map can be created using DFHMDI macro. A map must be defined within a mapset definition.
Syntax for creating a Map:
mapname DFHMDI [, SIZE=(line,column)] [, CTRL=(PRINT, FREEKB, ALARM, FRSET)] [, EXTATT=NO | MAPONLY | YES] [, COLOR=DEFAULT | COLOR] [, HIGHLIGHT=OFF | BLINK | REVERSE | UNDERLINE] [, PS=BASE | psid] [, VALIDN=([MUSTFILL][, MUSTENTER][, TRIGGER])]] [, COLUMN=number | NEXT | SAME] [, LINE=number | NEXT | SAME] [, FILELDS=NO] [, MAPATTS=(attr1, attr2,)] [, DSATTS=(attr1, attr2,)] [, OUTLINE=BOX | ([LEFT][, RIGHT][, OVER][, UNDER])] [, SOSI=NO | YES] [, TRANSP=YES | NO] [, JUSTIFY=([LEFT | RIGHT][, FIRST | LAST])] [, PARTN=(name [, ACTIVATE])] [, OBFMT=YES | NO] [, DATA=FIELD | BLOCK] [, FLDSEP=char | X hex-char]] [, TIOAPFX=YES | NO] [, HEADER=YES] [, TRAILER=YES]
Confidential
110
Creating Map (Contd.)

Sample program:
MAPNAME DFHMDI SIZE=(24,80),
LINE=01, COLUMN=01, CTRL=(FREEKB,FRSET) . FIELD Definitions .
X
X X
Where,
SIZE LINE COLUMN
The rows and columns the map occupies the screen. The starting row of the map in the screen. The starting column of the map in the screen.
The map definition will end when compiler finds another map definition (DFHMDI entry) or a mapset end.
Confidential
111
Creating Fields
Fields can be created using DFHMDF macro. A field must be defined within a map definition.
Syntax for creating a Field:
[field] DFHMDF [, POS=number | (line,column)] [, LENGTH=number] [, JUSTIFY=([LEFT | RIGHT][, FIRST | LAST])] [, INITIAL= char data | Xinit=hex data] [, ATTRB=([ASKIP | PROT | UNPROT[, NUM]] [, BRT | NORM | DRK][, DET][, IC][, FSET])] [, COLOR=DEFAULT | COLOR] [, PS=BASE | psid] [, HIGHLIGHT=OFF | BLINK | REVERSE | UNDERLINE] [, VALIDN=([MUSTFILL][, MUSTENTER][, TRIGGER])]] [, GRPNAME=group-name] [, OCCURS=number] [, PICIN= value] [, PICOUT= value] [, OUTLINE=BOX | ([LEFT][, RIGHT][, OVER][, UNDER])] [, SOSI=NO | YES] [, TRANSP=YES | NO] [CASE=MIXED]
Widely there are two types of fields, as follows, Protected fields (ATTRB=PROT) The user cannot edit the contents of the field. It is similar to a label in windows. Unprotected fields (ATTRB=UNPROT) The user can enter the values in the field. It is similar to a textbox in windows.
Creating Fields (Contd.)

Sample program:
DFHMDF
POS=(01,01), LENGTH=4, INITIAL=SCR1, ATTRB=(PROT,NORM)
X X X
Where,
POS LENGTH INITIAL ATTRB
The row number and column number where the field will be positioned. The total length of the field. The initial value that will be displayed in the field. Whether the field is a protected or unprotected field.
Confidential
113
Sample Map
Complete sample Map
MAPSET1 DFHMSD TYPE=&SYSPARM,MODE=INOUT,LANG=COBOL,STORAGE=AUTO, TIOAPFX=YES MAP1 DFHMDI SIZE=(24,80),LINE=1,COLUMN=1 DFHMDF POS=(7,16),INITIAL='ENTER THE NO :',LENGTH=15, ATTRB=PROT NUM DFHMDF POS=(7,32),LENGTH=5,ATTRB=(UNPROT,IC) DFHMDF POS=(7,38),LENGTH=1,ATTRB=ASKIP DFHMDF POS=(9,16),INITIAL='ENTER THE NAME:',LENGTH=15, ATTRB=PROT NAME DFHMDF POS=(9,32),LENGTH=5,ATTRB=UNPROT DFHMDF POS=(22,10),INITIAL='MESSAGE :',LENGTH=10,ATTRB=PROT MSG DFHMDF POS=(22,25),LENGTH=30,ATTRB=PROT MAPSET1 DFHMSD TYPE=FINAL END
X X
After defining the map, compile the map using the sample map compiler.
Confidential
114
Sample Map (Contd.)

Sample Map Compiler:
//MAPCMPLR JOB NOTIFY=&SYSUID,CLASS=A,MSGLEVEL=(1,1) //DSECT EXEC PGM=ASMA90, // PARM='SYSPARM(DSECT),DECK,NOOBJECT,ALIGN', // REGION=6M //SYSLIB DD DSN=CICSTS23.CICS.SDFHMAC,DISP=SHR // DD DSN=CICSTS23.CICS.SDFHSAMP,DISP=SHR // DD DSN=SYS1.MACLIB,DISP=SHR //* //SYSUT1 DD UNIT=SYSDA,SPACE=(1700,(400,400)) //SYSUT2 DD UNIT=SYSDA,SPACE=(1700,(400,400)) //SYSUT3 DD UNIT=SYSDA,SPACE=(1700,(400,400)) //* THE BELOW IS THE SYMBOLIC MAP NAME - COPYBOOK PDS //SYSPUNCH DD DSN=CTS.CICS.COPYLIB(MAPSET1),DISP=SHR //SYSPRINT DD SYSOUT=* //SYSIN DD DSN=CTS. CICS.MAPLIB(MAPSET1),DISP=SHR //ASMMAP EXEC PGM=ASMA90, // PARM='SYSPARM(MAP),DECK,NOOBJECT,ALIGN', // REGION=4M //SYSLIB DD DSN=CICSTS23.CICS.SDFHMAC,DISP=SHR // DD DSN=CICSTS23.CICS.SDFHSAMP,DISP=SHR // DD DSN=SYS1.MACLIB,DISP=SHR //* //SYSUT1 DD UNIT=SYSDA,SPACE=(1700,(400,400)) //SYSUT2 DD UNIT=SYSDA,SPACE=(1700,(400,400)) //SYSUT3 DD UNIT=SYSDA,SPACE=(1700,(400,400)) //SYSPUNCH DD DSN=&&OBJMOD, // DISP=(,PASS),UNIT=SYSDA, // DCB=(RECFM=FB,LRECL=80,BLKSIZE=400), // SPACE=(400,(100,100))
Sample Map (Contd.)

Sample Map Compiler (Contd):
//SYSPRINT DD SYSOUT=* //SYSIN DD DSN=CTS. CICS.MAPLIB(MAPSET1),DISP=SHR //LNKEDT EXEC PGM=IEWL, // PARM='NORENT,LIST,XREF,LET,NCAL', // COND=((3,LT,DSECT),(3,LT,ASMMAP)) //SYSUT1 DD UNIT=SYSDA,SPACE=(1024,(100,50)) //SYSPRINT DD SYSOUT=* //SYSLMOD DD DSN=TIG06431.CICS.LOAD(MAPSET1),DISP=SHR //SYSLIN DD DSN=&&OBJMOD,DISP=(OLD,PASS)
In the above JCL, change the following,

In SYSPUNCH DD statement enter the copy-library name. In SYSIN DD statement enter the map-library name.
In SYSLMOD DD statement enter the load-library name.
Confidential
116
Viewing a Map
After successful compilation, login to CICS region and enter the below command,
CEMT SET PROGRAM(Load_Module_Name) NEW Where, Load_Module_name Member name that specified in SYSLMOD DD statement of map compile JCL. CEMT Command used to extract the latest load-module from TSO region to CICS region.
After successful completion of the above command, Hit Pause/ Break button in keyboard to clear the screen and enter the below command to view the map,
CECI SEND MAP(Map_Name) MAPSET(Mapset_Name)
The map will be displayed in the screen.
Confidential
117
Embedding CICS in COBOL

All CICS commands are embedded in COBOL code using EXEC CICS . END-EXEC. command. Before sending the map, the Symbolic map (Copybook generated from map compilation) should be copied using the below statement,
WORKING-STORAGE SECTION. COPY symbolic_map_name.
Then the CICS maps can be sent through COBOL programs using SEND MAP command as follows,
EXEC CICS SEND MAP('Map_Name') MAPSET('Mapset_Name') ERASE END-EXEC.
The CICS maps can be received through COBOL programs using RECEIVE MAP command as follows,
EXEC CICS RECEIVE MAP('Map_Name') MAPSET('Mapset_Name') INTO(SymbolicMap_InputVar) END-EXEC.
Confidential
118
Embedding CICS in COBOL (Contd.)

After executing a RECEIVE MAP command, all the values entered in the unprotected fields are populated in the copybook variable (that is specified in the INTO clause).
All CICS-COBOL program must not contain the ACCEPT, DISPLAY and STOP RUN statements.
CICS-COBOL programs must be terminated using the below command,

EXEC CICS RETURN END-EXEC.
Confidential
119
Sample CICS-COBOL Compiler

Sample CICS-COBOL compiler:
//CICSCOMP JOB MSGCLASS=O,MSGLEVEL=(1,1),CLASS=T, // REGION=5M,NOTIFY=&SYSUID //********************************************************************** // SET MEMNAME=PGMNAME <- SOURCE PGM NAME // SET LOADMEM=LODNAME <- LOAD MODULE NAME // SET SOURCE=CTS. CICS.COBOL <-SOURCE LIBRARY // SET COPYBOOK=CTS.CICS.COPYLIB <- COPY LIBRARY // SET LOADLIB=TIG06431.CICS.LOAD <- LOAD LIBRARY //********************************************************************** //* CICS TRANSLATOR * //********************************************************************** //PRECOMP EXEC PGM=DFHECP1$, // PARM='NOSOURCE,NOSEQ,' //STEPLIB DD DSN=CICSTS23.CICS.SDFHLOAD,DISP=SHR // DD DSN=TIG06431.CICS.LOAD,DISP=SHR //SYSIN DD DISP=SHR,DSN=&SOURCE(&MEMNAME) //SYSLIB DD DSN=CICSTS23.CICS.SDFHCOB,DISP=SHR // DD DSN=U131184.TRAIN.CICS.COPYLIB,DISP=SHR //SYSPRINT DD SYSOUT=* //SYSPUNCH DD DSN=&&SYSIN00,DISP=(,PASS),UNIT=SYSDA, // DCB=BLKSIZE=400,SPACE=(CYL,(10,10))
Confidential
120
Sample CICS-COBOL Compiler (Contd)

Sample CICS-COBOL
compiler (Contd):
//********************************************************************** //* COBOL COMPILER * //********************************************************************** //COBCOMP EXEC PGM=IGYCRCTL,COND=(5,LT) //STEPLIB DD DSN=IGY.SIGYCOMP,DISP=SHR //SYSIN DD DSN=&&SYSIN00,DISP=(OLD,DELETE) //SYSLIB DD DSN=CICSTS23.CICS.SDFHCOB,DISP=SHR // DD DISP=SHR,DSN=&COPYBOOK //SYSLIN DD DSN=&&LOADSET,DISP=(MOD,PASS),UNIT=SYSDA, // SPACE=(100,(100,100),RLSE) //SYSPRINT DD SYSOUT=* //SYSUDUMP DD SYSOUT=* //SYSUT1 DD SPACE=(10,(50,500),,,ROUND),UNIT=SYSDA //SYSUT2 DD SPACE=(10,(50,500),,,ROUND),UNIT=SYSDA //SYSUT3 DD SPACE=(10,(50,500),,,ROUND),UNIT=SYSDA //SYSUT4 DD SPACE=(10,(50,500),,,ROUND),UNIT=SYSDA //SYSUT5 DD SPACE=(1,(10,100),,,ROUND),UNIT=SYSDA //SYSUT6 DD SPACE=(1,(10,100),,,ROUND),UNIT=SYSDA //SYSUT7 DD SPACE=(1,(10,100),,,ROUND),UNIT=SYSDA //********************************************************************** //* LINKER FOR CICS PROGRAMS * //********************************************************************** //LKED EXEC PGM=IEWL,PARM='XREF',COND=(5,LT) //SYSLIB DD DSN=CICSTS23.CICS.SDFHEXCI,DISP=SHR // DD DSN=CICSTS23.CICS.SDFHLOAD,DISP=SHR // DD DSN=TIG06431.CICS.LOAD,DISP=SHR // DD DSN=DSN810.SDSNLOAD,DISP=SHR // DD DSN=CEE.SCEELKED,DISP=SHR // DD DSN=CEE.SCEERUN,DISP=SHR // DD DSN=ISP.SISPLOAD,DISP=SHR //SYSLIN DD DSN=&&LOADSET,DISP=(OLD,DELETE) // DD DDNAME=SYSIN //SYSLMOD DD DISP=SHR,DSN=&LOADLIB(&LOADMEM) //SYSPRINT DD SYSOUT=* //SYSUDUMP DD SYSOUT=* //SYSUT1 DD SPACE=(1024,(50,50)),UNIT=SYSDA //SYSIN DD * INCLUDE SYSLIB(DFHECI) INCLUDE SYSLIB(DSNCLI) // /* 2007, Cognizant Technology Solutions Confidential 121
Sample CICS-COBOL Compiler (Contd)

In the sample JCL, change the below statements, Set the MEMNAME to your CICS-COBOL program name. Set the LOADMEM to your load module name, usually the same as program name. Set the SOURCE to your source library (PDS where COBOL code is available). Set the COPYBOOK to your symbolic map (copybook generated after map compilation). Set the LOADLIB to the load-module allocated by your mainframe administrator.
After successful compilation of CICS-COBOL compiler, enter the below command in the CICS region,
CEMT SET PROGRAM(Load_Module_Name) NEW
After successful compilation of the above command, hit Pause/ Break key in the keyboard to clear the screen and enter the Transaction ID allocated to you. On entering the correct transaction-id, the CICS COBOL program will be executed.
Confidential
122
Q&A
Confidential
123

List the Hierarchy of CICS Objects? How will you creating Maps using Basic Mapping Support assembler macros?
1. 2.
3.
4.
How will you send & receive the maps in the CICS-COBOL program?
How will you receive the map in CICS region?
Confidential
124
Introduction to DB2 Basics
C3: Protected
Database: Overview
Introduction:
A database, for example, can contain all the data (in form of Tables) that is
associated with one application or with a group of related applications. You define databases by using the CREATE DATABASE statement. In DB2 for z/OS, a database is a set of table spaces and index spaces. Table space contains one or more tables. Index space contains exactly one index. A table and all of its indexes will be contained within a single database. These index spaces contain indexes on the tables in the table spaces of the same database Whenever a table space is created, it is explicitly or implicitly assigned to an existing database.
Confidential
126
Db2: Objectives
Objective:
Define database and db2 Define Tables ,view and alias Define the benefits Keys and index Describe table space and index space
Confidential
127
Db2
Db2:
Db2 is relational database.
In a relational database, data is perceived to exist in one or more tables. Each
table contains a specific number of columns and a number of unordered rows. DB2 database also involves other objects, such as views and indexes, synonyms , alias. DB2 also offers different types of keys to reduce time in search and data retrieve .
Confidential
128
SQL( Structured Query Language )

The language that you use to access the data in DB2 tables is the Structured Query Language (SQL). Based on functionality SQL can be classified into 3 categories,
DDL - CREATE, ALTER and DROP verbs.
DML - INSERT, SELECT, UPDATE and DELETE.

DCL - Grant, Revoke.
DB2 transforms each SQL statement, that is, the specification
of a result table, into a sequence of operations that optimize data retrieval. This transformation occurs when the SQL statement is prepared. This transformation is also known as binding.
Tables: a brief introduction

Tables are logical structures that DB2 maintains. Tables are made up of columns and rows. DB2 supports several different types of tables, some of which
are listed here:
base table -is created with the SQL statement CREATE TABLE and that holds
persistent user data. temporary table -is defined by the SQL statement CREATE GLOBAL TEMPORARY TABLE or DECLARE GLOBAL TEMPORARY TABLE to hold data temporarily. Its useful to sort or query intermediate result tables that contain a large number of rows, but you want to store only a small subset of those rows permanently . result table - contains a set of rows that DB2 returns when you use an SQL statement to query the tables in the database . materialized query table - can be user-maintained or system-maintained. Materialized query tables are useful for complex queries that run on very large amounts of data
View, Alias & Synonyms

Views are virtual tables based on one or more base tables.
When data in the base table changes, these changes are also reflected in the
view. We cannot perform Insert/ Update /Delete in a View with Joins ,Functions ,Distinct, Group By and Having.
SYNONYMS.
An alternative private name for a table or a view. It can be used only by its Creator. It cannot refer to a remote table. When a table/view is dropped, all synonyms defined on it are also dropped
ALIASES. An alternative private name for a table or a view.

It can be used by users other than its creator. When a table/view is dropped, all aliases defined on it are NOT dropped.
Confidential
131
Indexes and Keys

An index is an ordered set of pointers to rows of a table :
An index is an object that is separate from the data in the table. When you
define an index by using the CREATE INDEX statement, DB2 builds this structure and maintains it automatically. Each index is based on the values of data in one or more columns of a table. DB2 uses indexes to improve performance and ensure uniqueness
A key is one or more columns that are identified as such in the description
of a table, an index, or a referential constraint.

Unique Keys - A table can have any number of unique keys. The columns of a
unique key can contain only one null value. Primary Keys - is a special type of unique key and cannot contain null values. Parent Keys - is either a primary key or a unique key in the parent table of a referential constraint. Foreign Keys - A foreign key refers to or is related to a specific parent key.
Confidential
132
Table spaces and Index spaces

All tables are kept in table spaces. The primary types of table spaces are
described below:
Segmented - can contain more than one table. The space is composed of groups of pages called segments. Each segment is dedicated to holding rows of a single table . Partitioned - table space can contain only a single table and its divided into separate units of storage called partitions . Large object (LOB) - contains all the data for a particular LOB column in the related base table. Universal table space - combination of partitioned and segmented table space schemes that provides better space management. it's a good choice for tables that are larger than 1 GB. XML table space - is implicitly created when, an XML column is added to a base table. The table space stores the XML table.
An index space, which is another DB2 storage structure, contains a single
index defined in the same database as the table.
Confidential
133
Accessing DB2 Tables in Mainframes

DB2 tables can be accessed in mainframes through SPFUI or
QMF (Query Management Facility). To access DB2 from Cognizant Mainframes, enter Option 8 from ISPF main menu. Under DB2 Primary Option Menu, enter 1 to access SPFUI. Enter the input dataset name, where you will be writing all DB2 queries. Enter the output dataset name, where you will be viewing all the output of the queries. Hit an Enter. In Current SPFUI Defaults screen, again hit an enter.
Confidential
134
Accessing DB2 Tables ( Continued)

Now you can enter all the DB2 queries. All general windows database queries are applicable in DB2,
except in CREATE TABLE query we need to specify the Tablespace. To comment a line in the query input, enter double hyphen -- in column 1 and 2. To execute the query, enter three semi-colons ;;; in the command line and hit an F3. Now you can view the output of the query. To again come back to the query input screen, enter three semi-colons ;;; in the command line and hit an F3. To exit SPFUI, hit an F3.
Confidential
136

What is the difference between unique and primary key? What is the benefit of index and keys? Which is the tool / utility used to access DB2 tables in Mainframes?
1. 2. 3.
Confidential
137
DB2 : Summary
In this chapter you have learnt about
Introduction to database
What is Db2 Difference between tables, views and alias Different types of keys
Table spaces
Confidential
138
REXX
Restructured EXtended eXecutor
C3: Protected
REXX: Overview
Introduction:
REXX is a programming language that is extremely flexible. REXX is the
abbreviation of Restructured EXtended eXecutor. It can be used to link various environments like TSO, ISPF, etc., It is the widely used programming language for developing tools in mainframes.
Confidential
140
Objectives
After completing this chapter, you will be able to understand the following:
Writing and Executing a REXX Exec
Rexx Syntax
Variables & Expressions Operators Parsing
Conditional & Looping Statements

Interrupt Instructions Functions & Sub-routines Built-in Functions
Read a Dataset Using REXX

Writing into a Dataset Using REXX
Confidential
141
Features of REXX
Various features of REXX are as follows,
Ease of Use
Free format
Debugging capabilities
Interpreted language
Confidential
142
Writing a REXX Exec

Inorder to write a REXX program called an exec, there is a need to create a data set to contain the exec. The data set can be either sequential or partitioned. A REXX exec consists of REXX language instructions that are interpreted directly by the REXX interpreter. For example, an exec to display a sentence on the screen uses the REXX instruction SAY followed by the sentence to be displayed.
/******* REXX *******/ SAY 'This is a REXX exec'
When you run the exec, you can see the sentence in your screen
This is a REXX exec
Confidential
143
Executing a REXX Exec

REXX exec can be executed in the below four ways,
Explicit execution from TSO ready prompt
READY EXEC CTS.REXX.EXEC (MYFIRST) READY
Implicit execution from TSO ready prompt requires the PDS library to be concatenated to either SYSEXEC or the SYSPROC system DDNAMEs.
READY ALLOC DD(SYSEXEC) DSN(CTS.REXX.EXEC) SHR REUSE READY %MYFIRST
Implicit execution from ISPF requires the PDS library to be concatenated to either SYSEXEC or the SYSPROC system DDNAMEs. From the edit panel, enter the below command,
TSO CONCAT SYSEXEC CTS.REXX.EXEC
After successful concatenation, enter the PDS member name of the REXX exec you want to execute, in the command prompt of the edit panel.
Executing a REXX Exec(Contd.)

Batch Execution Need arises when the REXX exec takes longer time to complete the execution. Major advantage in batch mode does not interfere with persons use of the terminal. Only those execs which do not require any sort of terminal interaction can be run in batch mode. A JCL as shown below can be used to invoke a REXX exec.
//TSOBATCH EXEC PGM=IKJEFT01,DYNAMBR=30,REGION=4096K //SYSEXEC DD DSN=CTS.REXX.EXEC,DISP=SHR //SYSTSPRT DD SYSOUT=A //SYSTSIN DD * % SETUP /* //
Where,
IKJEFT01
TSO command processor program. SYSEXEC System DD card to which REXX libraries are concatenated. SYSTSPRT Destination of the REXX output. SYSTSIN In-stream card wherein TSO commands or invocation of REXX execs can be issued. The dataset CTS.REXX.EXEC is a PDS and has a member of the name SETUP.
Confidential
145
REXX Syntax
All REXX execs must have the first line as /* REXX */. This makes the command processor (TSO) invoke the REXX interpreter. A REXX instruction (statement) is not case sensitive. REXX uses a free format (Column restrictions are not enforced, like COBOL).
A line usually contains one instruction except when it ends with a comma (,) or contains a semi-colon (;).
Comma is the continuation character, indicates that the instruction continues to the next line. Semi-colon indicates the end of the instruction, used to separate multiple instructions on one line.
Confidential
146
Variables & Expressions

Variables need not be explicitly declared in REXX. Variable names can consist of the below character-set:
A....Z / a - Z 0....9 @ # $ ? ! . _ Alphabetic Numbers Special characters
Restrictions on the variable name are as follows:

The first character cannot be 0 through 9 or a period (.) The variable name cannot exceed 250 bytes. The variable name should not be RC, SIGL, or RESULT, which are REXX special variables.
Expressions are statements with something that needs to be calculated or evaluated. It consists of numbers, variables or strings and one or more operators.
Confidential
147
Operators
There are four types of operators in REXX, Arithmetic Operators. Comparison Operators. Logical Operators. Concatenation Operators. Arithmetic Operators works on valid numeric constants or on variables that represent valid numeric constants. The various arithmetic operators are as follows, + -number * ** / Add Subtract Negate the number Multiply Raise a number to a whole number power Divide
%
//
Divide and return a whole number without a remainder (quotient only)

Divide and return remainder only
Confidential
148
Operators (Contd)
Comparison Operators returns either a true or false response in terms of 1 or 0 respectively. The various comparison operators are as follows, == = > < >= <= /== /= >< /< /> Strictly Equal (everything including the blanks and case is exactly the same). Equal Greater than Less than Greater than or equal to Less than or equal to Not strictly equal Not equal Greater than or less than (same as not equal) Not less than Not greater than
Confidential
149
Operators (Contd)
Logical Operators combines two comparisons and return the True (1) or False (0) value depending on the results of the comparisons. The various logical operators are as follows,
&
| && Prefix \
AND (Returns 1 if both comparisons are true)

Inclusive OR (Returns 1 if at least one comparison is true) Exclusive OR (Returns 1 if only one comparison (but not both) is true) Logical NOT (Returns the opposite response)
Concatenation Operators combines two strings into one. The below are the various concatenation operators, blank || abuttal
concatenate strings, one blank in between example Cognizant Technology results is Cognizant Technology
concatenate strings, no blanks in between example a||.b result is a.b concatenate strings, no blanks in between example per_cent%, if per_cent = 90, result is 90%
Confidential
150
Operators (Contd)
Operator Priority is as follows, \- + ** * / % // + Blank || abuttal == = >< & | && Prefix operators Power (exponential) Multiply and Divide Add and Subtract Concatenation operators Comparison operators Logical AND inclusive OR, exclusive OR
Confidential
151
Parsing
Parsing is the process of separating data by comparing the data to a template (or pattern of variable names). Separators in a template can be one of the following, Blank String Variable Number that represents column position PARSE VALUE with blank example,
PARSE VALUE Cognizant Technology Solutions WITH Str1 Str2 Str3
Str1 contains Cognizant, Str2 contains Technology and Str3 contains Solutions. PARSE VALUE with separators example,
PARSE VALUE Dun & Bradstreet WITH Str1 & Str2
Str1 contains Dun and Str2 contains Bradstreet.
Confidential
152
Parsing(Contd.)
PARSE VAR (variable) with absolute column position example,
String1 = Dun & Bradstreet PARSE VAR String1 Str1 6 Str2
Str1 contains Dun & and Str2 contains Bradstreet PARSE VAR (variable) with relative column position example,
String1 = Dun & Bradstreet PARSE VAR String1 Str1 +5 Str2 +5 Str3
Str1 contains Dun &, Str2 contains Brad and Str3 contains street
Confidential
153
Conditional Statements
Two types of conditional statements in REXX are:

IF/THEN/ELSE SELECT/WHEN/OTHERWISE
Syntax of IF statement
IF expression THEN statement ELSE statement IF expression THEN DO statements END ELSE DO statements END
Syntax of SELECT statement

SELECT WHEN WHEN : expression statement expression statement THEN THEN
OTHERWISE statement(s) END

Looping Statements
Two types of looping statements in REXX are:

Repetitive repeat instructions a certain number of times. Conditional use a condition to control repeating.
Repetitive loops Example1

DO i = 1 to 5 SAY The Value of i is i END
Repetitive loops Example2

DO i = 1 to 10 STEP 2 SAY The Value of i is i END
Output of Example1:
The The The The The Value Value Value Value Value of of of of of i i i i i is is is is is 1 2 3 4 5
Output of Example2:
The The The The The Value Value Value Value Value of of of of of i i i i i is is is is is 1 3 5 7 9
Confidential
155
Looping Statements (Contd)

Infinite Loops are achieved in REXX using DO FOREVER loops. Example1 - DO FOREVER loop with EXIT statement
DO FOREVER IF X = 10 THEN EXIT END SAY Outside The Loop
Output of Example1: The above exec will execute till the value of X becomes 10. The next statement (SAY) will not be executed. Example2 - DO FOREVER loop with LEAVE statement
DO FOREVER IF X = 10 THEN LEAVE END SAY Outside The Loop
Output of Example2: The above loop will execute till the value of X becomes 10, after that the next statement (SAY) will be executed.
Confidential
156
Looping Statements (Contd)

Conditional Loops are achieved in REXX using DO WHILE and DO UNTIL statements. Syntax of DO WHILE statement:
DO WHILE expression statement(s) END
DO WHILE statement tests the expression before the loop executes the first time and repeat only when the expression is true. Syntax of DO UNTIL statement:
DO UNTIL expression statement(s) END
DO UNTIL statement tests the expression after the loop executes at least once and repeat only when the expression is false.
Confidential
157
Interrupt Instructions
Interrupt instructions tells the language processor to leave the exec entirely or leave one part of the exec and go to another part either permanently or temporarily There are three types of interrupt instructions as follows, EXIT SIGNAL CALL/RETURN EXIT statement causes the exec to terminate unconditionally. SIGNAL statement interrupts the normal flow of an exec and causes control to pass to a specified label. Example SIGNAL statement
/*REXX*/ SAY 'BEFORE SIGNAL' SIGNAL BYE SAY 'AFTER SIGNAL' EXIT
BYE: SAY 'INSIDE SIGNAL' EXIT
The output of the above exec is as follows

BEFORE SIGNAL INSIDE SIGNAL
Interrupt Instructions (Contd)

CALL / RETURN statement is used to pass the control to the specified sub-routine or label When calling an internal subroutine, CALL statement passes control to a label specified after the CALL keyword. When the subroutine ends with the RETURN instruction, the instructions following CALL are executed.
/*REXX*/ SAY ' BEFORE CALL' CALL BYE SAY ' AFTER CALL' EXIT BYE: SAY ' INSIDE CALL' RETURN
The output of the above exec is as follows,

BEFORE CALL INSIDE CALL AFTER CALL
Confidential
159
Functions & Sub-routines
Functions : Functions are sequence of statements that can receive data, process that data and return a value. Syntax of a function call:
Return_value = Function(arguments)
There are two types of functions, namely, Built-in functions (built into the language processor). User-defined functions.
Subroutines : Subroutine is a series of instructions that an exec invokes to perform a specific task. The subroutine is invoked by the CALL statement.
Subroutines are of two types as follows, Internal subroutine and designated by a label. External subroutine and designated by the member name that contains the subroutine. Sharing information can be done in the following ways, Passing variables Passing arguments
Confidential
160
Functions & Sub-routines (Contd)
Passing variables shares the same variable in both main exec and subroutine. The variables need not be explicitly passes as shown in the below example,
/**REXX**/ number1 = 20 number2 = 30 CALL sub1 SAY answer /** (Displays 50) **/ EXIT sub1: answer = number1 + number2 RETURN
We can prevent all the main exec variables from being exposed to subroutines by using PROCEDURE statement, as shown below,
/**REXX**/ number1 = 20 CALL sub2 SAY number1 /** (displays 20) **/ EXIT sub2: PROCEDURE number1 = 5 RETURN
Functions & Sub-routines (Contd)
We can expose only few main exec variables to subroutines by using PROCEDURE statement with EXPOSE, as shown below,
/**REXX**/ number1 = 10 number2 = 20 CALL sub3 SAY number1 , number2 /** (displays 5 , 20) **/ EXIT sub3: PROCEDURE EXPOSE number1 number1 = 5 number2 = 15 RETURN
Passing arguments can be done by calling the subroutine from the main exec as follows,
CALL subroutine_name argument1, argument2, argument3, etc
Receiving arguments in the subroutine is as follows,

ARG arg1, arg2, arg3, etc
Example - passing arguments to subroutines
/**REXX**/ length = 10 width = 7 Result = CALL Calc length, width SAY The perimeter is Result Meters EXIT Calc: ARG len, wid perim = 2 * ( len + wid) RETURN perim
Confidential
162
Built-in Functions
Some of Built-in-Functions in REXX are given below:
Compare function is used to compare two strings and return a zero if the strings are the same, or a non-zero number if they are not. Non-zero number is the position of the first mismatching character found. Syntax of Compare function:
COMPARE(string1,string2)
Example Compare function:

COMPARE('123','123')returns 0 (exact match) COMPARE('abc','ak')returns 2 (first mismatching char)
Syntax of Date function:

DATE({option})
Some of the options that can be passed to date function are as follows: U returns date in USA format, 'mm/dd/yy J returns a Julian date in the form 'yyddd W returns the day of the week (e.g. 'Tuesday', 'Sunday', etc.) Few examples for date function is as follows,
say date() say date('U') say date('J') say date('W') /* returns Current Date 24 Oct 2007 */ /* returns Current Date in USA format 10/24/07 */ /* returns Current Date in Julian format */ /* returns Current Day Wednesday */
163
Built-in Functions(Contd.)
Length function returns the length of the string passed. Syntax of Length function:
LENGTH(string)
Example Length function:

LENGTH('COGNIZANT') /** returns 9 **/ LENGTH('') /** returns 0 (null string) **/
Confidential
164
Read a Dataset using REXX

EXECIO DISKR command is used read the contents of a PS or a PDS member TSO command. Syntax of EXCEIO DISKR statement :
EXECIO [lines or *] DISKR ddname ( [STEM var [FINIS] )
Where, LINES - number of lines to read. ddname- name of the dd that is allocated using ALLOC statement. STEM - Keyword. Var - Stem variable name. FINIS - Keyword, used to to close the file after reading.
Example: reads the dataset with name CTS.IN.FILE and displays the contents of the file.
/**REXX**/ ADDRESS TSO "ALLOC DD(INFILE) DSN('CTS.IN.FILE') SHR" "EXECIO * DISKR INFILE(STEM OUTREC. FINIS" SAY "THE RECORDS ARE : " DO I = 1 TO OUTREC.0 /** OUTREC.0 contains the number of records** / SAY OUTREC.I /** Displays the content of the file, till end of file **/ END EXIT
In the above example, OUTREC. Is the stem variable. After EXECIO statement, the total number of records will be populated in the zero index of the stem variable (OUTREC.0).
Confidential
165
Writing into Dataset using REXX

EXECIO DISKW statement is used to write the contents of a stem variable to a PS or PDS member. All rules that are applicable to DISKR is applicable to DISKW.
EXECIO [lines or *] DISKW ddname ( [STEM var [FINIS] )
Example: creates a new dataset with name CTS.OUT.FILE and writes the contents of the stem variable into a dataset
/**REXX**/ ADDRESS TSO "ALLOC DD(OUTFILE) DSN(CTS.OUT.FILE) NEW CAT TRACKS SPACE(5 10) LRECL(80) RECFM(F B)" REC.1 = "COGNIZANT" REC.2 = "TECHNOLOGY" REC.3 = "SOLUTIONS" "EXECIO * DISKW OUTFILE(STEM REC. FINIS" EXIT-
Confidential
166
Questions
Confidential
167

1. How will you executing a REXX exec?
2. What is meant by parsing in REXX? 3. List the types of interrupt instructions. 4. How will you expose only few main function exec variables to subroutine? 5. Name the some built in functions used in REXX. 6. How will you read and write into a dataset using REXX?
Confidential
168
FILE AID
C3: Protected
File Aid - Objectives

Objective:
Define File Aid Describe three display mode to view the data
How to Copy a Data File to another Data File using File Aid
How to Compare two Data Files using File Aid
Confidential
170
File Aid - Introduction

FileAid:
File-Aid is a comprehensive data management tool developed by Compuware. It is designed to help developers, testers, and DBAs work efficiently with data as they develop, test and implement distributed applications.
Pre-requisite:
Familiarity with TSO/ISPF is a prerequisite for using File-AID.
Why FileAid:
File-AID offers a range of functionality which includes the ability to browse, copy, modify and compare data without having to be an expert in databases like IMS or DB2
Browse a Data File using File Aid
File-AID can be accessed from ISPF menu. The option code is F to enter into the File -AID menu. For Browse, select option 1 from the above menu and press Enter.
There are three display modes to view the data in the file.
1.Character 2. Formatted 3.Vertical formatted
Character Mode: The character browse mode provides a full-screen view of the data From character mode, it is possible to go to the FMT primary command to redisplay the data in formatted mode or use the VFMT primary command to redisplay the data in vertical formatted mode.
Formatted Mode: A data set can be opened only with a copybook in formatted mode. This option is almost similar to VFMT, except that it can show only one record at a time. Even if we are in different format of viewing the file, it can be changed to formatted mode, by typing FMT on command line and pressing
Confidential
172
Browse a Data File using File Aid (cont)

Vertical Formatted Mode:
A data set can be opened only with a copybook in vertical formatted mode Some of the command used in VFM DISP OFF 1-3 8 12 The above would remove variables with offset number 1,2,3,8, & 12.
DISPLAY 1-3 8 12 ONLY
The above would show only variables with offset number 1,2,3,8, & 12.
To bring to normal view of the variable, type DISP (field number) RESET To get some other fields after giving a DISP OFF or DISP ONLY, type DISP (field-number) ON.
To get all the fields after giving a DISP OFF or DISP ONLY, type DISP ALL.
To see the HEX value for a variable, we can give DISP HEX (field number).
Confidential
173
Copy a Data File using File Aid

For Copy, select option 3(UTILITIES) from the File-Aid Primary Option menu. Enter 3(COPY) in EXTENDED UTILITIES screen.The copy utility screen appears. Specify the FROM Dataset and TO Dataset. Specify Execution Information (O = Online or B = Batch ) Specify Selection Criteria Information (E = Existing; T = Temporary; M = Modify; Q = Quick; N = None ) If you are copying the dataset to a new data set, the disposition parameter is given as NEW. You can also copy the file to the already existing file, then the disposition parameter is given as OLD or SHR If the dataset to which it is copied is new, Fileaid will allow us to create a new dataset where the record size and record format for the new dataset should be given. If the old dataset is of LRECL 400 and it is required to copy it to a new file of LRECL 300, then Fileaid will prompt for the confirm copy screen. Press enter to copy, the old dataset will be copied to the new dataset.
Confidential
174
Record Layout and Selection Criteria usage

Record layout Usage: When we want to view a file in a particular layout, we specify S and give the corresponding copybook PS or PDS for reference. Selection Criteria usage: E If we have an existing selection criterion in a dataset that can be provided. M If we have an existing selection criterion in a dataset and we want to modify the criteria for the current usage. Q This option takes us directly to query mode based on position and length. T This has three options in it; they are numbered as 1, 2, and 3. 1 OPTIONS - Enter selection criteria options 2 FORMATTED - Edit formatted selection criteria 3 UNFORMATTED - Edit unformatted selection criteria Edit a Data File : File-AID enables you to edit a file created through MVS.
For Edit, select option 2 from the File-Aid Primary Option menu, other options for Edit would be the same as View or Browse.
Confidential
175
Compare two Data Files using File Aid

The File-AID Compare function compares any two similar files and produces reports showing any differences You may optionally use standard File-AID selection criteria to select only a subset of records to be compared Steps: 1. From the File-AID Primary Option Menu, select File-AID option 10. 2. Press Enter. File-AID displays the Compare Old Datasets Specification screen Enter the first data set that needs to be compared 4. File-AID displays the Compare New Datasets Specification screen Enter the second data set that needs to be compared 5. Specify Record layout usage , Selection criteria usage in both the data set 6. File-AID displays Compare - Criteria Options screen. Specify the Compare type , Read-ahead record count ,Read-ahead sequence, Records to compare ,Differences to compare, Modify print defaults ,Specify output criteria
7. The Compare - Criteria Build Complete screen appears, hit enter key.
8. The final Compare Criteria Contents Report screen appears displaying the report showing any differences.
176
Questions
Confidential
177
1.What is File Aid? 2. What is the display mode to View data? 3. How to copy a data file to another data file? 4. How to compare to data file?
Confidential
178
Mainframe Macros
Introduction to Mainframe Macros
C3: Protected
Mainframe Macros : Overview

Macros:
To record and playback frequently repeated activity (or) To automatically repeat an activity which should be repeated in the
course of the project by recording only once using Macros.
Advantages:
It prevents the need for manual repetition of same activity many times.
Reduces the work and thereby saves time.
Confidential
180
Record A Macro
To Start Recording
Click Start Keystroke Recording icon (or) Actions Start Recording Macro menu
Click OK after entering all the details and perform the operations to be recorded.
To Stop Recording
Click Stop Keystroke Recording and Save icon Actions Stop Recording Macro
(or)
Playback A Macro
To Start Playback
Click Start a Macro / Script icon (or) Action Start Playing Macro / Script
Select the macro from the drop down box and click ok While playback make sure that you are in the same screen as you were while recording.
To Stop Playback
Click Stop running Macro / Script icon (or) Action Stop Playing Macro / Script
Confidential
182
View A Recorded Macro

Default saving location of Macro file is \Personal Communications\private (example: D:\Program Files\Personal Communications\private\)
Steps to View a Record:

Go to the location where the macros is saved (example: D:\Program
Files\Personal Communications\private\)
Right click on the file to be opened Select Open With and then select Note pad
Confidential
183
Q&A
Confidential
184
1. How will you record a Macro using PCOMM?

2. How will you playback the recorded Macro? 3. Where the Macro files will be saved?
Confidential
185
You have successfully completed Mainframe Testing

Mainframes

Încărcat de

Informații document

Titlu original

Drepturi de autor

Formate disponibile

Partajați acest document

Partajați sau inserați document

Opțiuni de partajare

Vi se pare util acest document?

Este necorespunzător acest conținut?

Drepturi de autor:

Formate disponibile

Mainframes

Încărcat de

Drepturi de autor:

Formate disponibile

Mainframe Testing

About the Author

2007, Cognizant Technology Solutions

Test Your Understanding

2007, Cognizant Technology Solutions

ISPF provides the

underlying dialog management service that displays panels and enables

to a PS. It is similar to a directory in windows with text files inside it.

2007, Cognizant Technology Solutions

ENTER LOGON OR LOGON <USERID>

2007, Cognizant Technology Solutions

Enter LOGON parameters below: Userid Password ===> USERID ===>

RACF LOGON parameters:

New Password ===> Group Ident ===>

2007, Cognizant Technology Solutions

ISPF Main Menu

Enter END command to terminate ISPF.

2007, Cognizant Technology Solutions

2007, Cognizant Technology Solutions

to allocate, delete and rename datasets, both PDS and PS.

to move or copy datasets.

to print or display datasets.

2007, Cognizant Technology Solutions

2007, Cognizant Technology Solutions

Dataset Allocation (Contd)

2007, Cognizant Technology Solutions

primary allocation is insufficient.

2007, Cognizant Technology Solutions

Field Description (Contd)

2007, Cognizant Technology Solutions

2007, Cognizant Technology Solutions

2007, Cognizant Technology Solutions

2007, Cognizant Technology Solutions

Basic Line Commands

lines required) in the first column and press ENTER.

Enter D in the first column to delete a single line.

2007, Cognizant Technology Solutions

2007, Cognizant Technology Solutions

2007, Cognizant Technology Solutions

Super Compare Extended abbreviated to SuperCE is a versatile tool that

helps us to compare PS datasets, complete PDS, members of PDS or concatenated datasets.

from the Utilities Menu is the extended compare utility.

2007, Cognizant Technology Solutions

SuperCE Compare (Cont.)

2007, Cognizant Technology Solutions

SuperCE Compare (Cont.)

to the appropriate panel.

2007, Cognizant Technology Solutions

2007, Cognizant Technology Solutions

Test Your Understanding

2007, Cognizant Technology Solutions

Job Control Language

direct the operating system on what is to be done in terms of running

applications and scheduling resources

2007, Cognizant Technology Solutions

Sending Information to Computer

your command request. It is more like a conversation.

2007, Cognizant Technology Solutions

can only be coded if there is an operand field.

2007, Cognizant Technology Solutions

Is case-sensitive (lower-case is not permitted)

2007, Cognizant Technology Solutions

Types of JCL statements