Documente Academic
Documente Profesional
Documente Cultură
Remote Sensing
• Active System:
@irradiance from artificially generated energy
sources such as radar.
2). Platforms:
• Vehicle to carry the sensor
• e.g. truck, aircraft, space shuttle, satellite, etc.
3). Sensors:
• Device to detect electro-magnetic radiation
• e.g. camera, scanner, etc.
4). Detectors:
• Handling signal data
• Photographic, digital, etc.
5). Processing:
• Handling Signal data
• Photographic, digital etc.
6). Institutionalization:
• Organization for execution at all stages of remote-
sensing technology:
• International and national organizations, centers,
universities, etc.
Remote Sensing is the science
and art of obtaining information
about a phenomenon without
being in contact with it.
Remote Sensing deals with the
detection and measurement of
phenomena with devices
sensitive to electromagnetic
energy.
Perhaps the most novel
platform at the end of the
last century is the
famed pigeon fleet.
It operated in Europe.
Remote sensing began in
the 1840s as balloonists
took pictures of the
ground using the newly
invented photo-camera.
DATA COLLECTION
METHODS
METHODS OF DATA
COLLECTION
PLATEFOMS
GROUND BORN
AIR BORNE
SPACE BORNE
Types of Platforms
from 36,000 km
Platform is a
stage to mount
to
the camera or
sensor to
1 km height
acquire the
information.
Automated
Data
collection
platform
instrumented
to provide
data on
3-Channel Radiometer taking measurement
stream flow
of Soil and Crops characteristics
A reflectance
spectrometer
mounted on a truck’s
Hand sized GPS
cherry picker
instruments
NORMAL COLOUR
PHOTOGRAPH
FALSE COLOUR PHOTOGRAPH
FIND THE DIFFERENCE!!!
Lava Observed on the face of Kilauea Volcano, Jan. 22,
1971;12:15pm
Normal Color
Lava Observed on the face of Kilauea Volcano, Jan. 22,
1971;12:15pm
Color infrared
• The orange
tone – infrared
energy
emitted from
the flowing
lava
• The pink
tones –
sunlight
reflected from
the living
hotographs showing lava on the face of Kilauea Volcano,
nuary 22, 1971, 12:15 PM
Normal Color
Color infrared
• The orange
tone –
infrared
energy
emitted from
the flowing
lava
• The pink
tones –
sunlight
reflected from
the living
Simulated
normal color
Photograph
Simulated color
infrared
Photograph
SPACE BORNE
SATELLITE AS OBSERVED
IKONOS Satellite
QuickBird Satellite
2003
IRS-P3 (1996)
WiFS MOS CARTOSAT - 1
IRS-P2 (1994) X-Ray, PAN - 2.5M, 30 KM,
IRS-P4 (1999) F/A 2004
LISS-2
OCEANSAT OCM, MSMR
2005
IRS
IRS MEGHA-TROPIQUES
SAPHIR
SERIES
SCARAB &
SERIES MADRAS
Seven Elements of Remote
Sensing
A. Energy
Source or
Illumination
Seven Elements of Remote
Sensing
B. Radiation
& Atmosphere
Seven Elements of Remote
Sensing
C. Interaction
with Target
Seven Elements of Remote
Sensing
D. Recording
of Energy by
the Sensor
Seven Elements of Remote
Sensing
E.
Transmission,
Reception,
and
Processing
Seven Elements of Remote
Sensing
F. Interpretation
And
Analysis
Seven Elements of Remote
Sensing
G. Application
Our eyes can
directly
perceive only
a small
portion of the
electromagnet
ic spectrum
(EMS).
We can
gather more
information
by using
other
portions of
the EMS,
such as
infrared.
SATELLITE
CHARACTERISTICS
GEOSTATIONARY SATELLITE
ORBIT
sun-
synchr
onous
SWATH
REVISIT PATH
Ascending and Descending
Passes
SWATH OF ADJACENT PATH
SWATH OF ADJACENT PATH
Indian Remote Sensing Satellite
In 24hrs satellite makes 13.9545 revolutions around the earth. The orbit on
the second day (15th orbit) is shifted westward from orbit No.1 by about
130 km. The ground traces repeat after every 307 orbits in 22 days.
Latitude
11 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 14 13 12
15
Orbit Number
Longitude
IKONOS- Maha Kumbh
IKONOS- Airport
IKONOS- Statue of Liberty
RESOLUTON
Pixel:
“picture
element”
Pixel size determines
resolution
1.COARSE OR LOW
2. FINE OR HIGH
COARSE OR LOW RESOLUTION
FINE OR HIGH RESOLUTION
SPECTRAL RESOLUTION
Multisp
ectral -
20m
Panchro
matic -
10m
Merged
(multispectral
+panchromati
c)
Simulated SPOT Images, Sherbrooke, Quebec June 1982
Multisp
ectral -
20m
Panchro
matic -
10m
Merged
(multispectral
+panchromati
c)
IRS LISS II 36.25 m IRS LISS III 23.5 m
IRS 1C IRS 1D
Sensors
IRS-1C & IRS-1D
PAN 5.6 70
LISS 3 23 142-148
Band 1
Wavelength 0.50-0.75
Region (µm)
Resolution 6
(m)
LISS III
20.77-0.86 188
(near-IR)
VISUAL IMAGE INTERPRETATION
Image Interpretation
•Shape
•Size
•Shadow
•Pattern
•Tone
•Texture
•Association
•Location
Built Up land - Urban LISS III
Tone: Cyan
Texture: Coarse
Size: Variable
Shape: Variable
Shadow: Observed
Pattern: Regular
building
Built Up land - Urban PAN
Built Up land – Settlement
Built Up Land -- ?????
Tone: White
Texture: Medium
Size: Variable
Shape: Rectangle
Shadow:
Pattern: Regular
Texture: Medium
Size: Variable
Shadow:
Pattern: Linear
Texture: Fine
Size: Variable
Shape: Variable
Shadow:
Pattern: Scattered
Association:
Agricultural Land -- Fallow
Texture: Coarse
Size: Variable
Shape: Variable
Shadow:
Pattern: Scattered
Association:
Agricultural Land – ?????
Texture: Smooth
Size: Variable
Shape: Variable
Shadow:
Pattern:
Scattered
Association:
Water -- River
Texture: Coarse
Size: Variable
Shape: Variable
Shadow:
Pattern: scattered
Association:
Waste Land - Coastal features
Waster Land -- Saltpan
Texture: Smooth
Size: Uniform
Shape: Rectangle
Shadow:
Pattern: contiguous
Association:
Waste Land – Rock/Strip Mines/ Stone Quarries
Toposheets
SHEET NO. 63 A/7
B F J N
63
C G K O
D H L P
1 5 9 13
2 6 10 14
63
3 7 11 15
4 8 12 16
SOI Map Indexing
56 A E I M
( 1 deg x 1 deg)
B F J N
NW NE
SW SE
1 5 9 13
C G 2 6 10 14 O
3 11 15
4 8 12 16
D H L P
1:50 000
Indexing scheme
1:250 000
1: 100 000
1:25 000
Features as seen Their symbols
Features Names on Toposheet
from satellite image
Airport
Chimney
Light House
Town
Masonry/Earth fill Dams
Mosque/Temples
Overhead Tanks
Walls
Ponds
Perennial Dry
Roads: Metalled
Roads: Unmetalled
Cart-Track & Footpath with Bridge
HARDOI
SITAPUR
Map sources
Mapping Agency Scale Remarks
Survey of India 25 000 40% coverage –10 m CI
50 000 Entire India – 20, 40m,.. CI
250 000 Compiled from 50K maps
** Everest, Polyconic
Mil. Survey of India 50 000 Inputs from various sources;
Satellite data based updation
** Everest, Polyconic, Mil Grid
Russian maps 10 000 Limited coverage
100 000 40 m contours
200 000 80 m contours
** Krassovisky, TM
DIP is a:
Computer-based
manipulation and
interpretation of digital
images.
Digital Image Processing
Five broad types of computer assisted operation:
Preprocessing to correct
distorted or degraded image
data
– Geometric distortions
– Radiometric calibration
– Elimination of noise
Image Enhancement
To more effectively display or
record the data, increasing the
visual distinctions between
features in a scene
Common Classifiers:
– Parallelpiped
– Minimum distance to mean
– Maximum likelihood
Supervised Classification
Supervised classification requires the
analyst to select training areas where
Mean Spectral
he/she knows what is on the ground The computer then creates...
Signatures
and then digitize a polygon within that
area… Conifer
Known Conifer
Area
Water
Known Water
Area
Deciduous
Known Deciduous
Area
Digital Image
Supervised Classification
Mean Spectral Information
Signatures Multispectral Image (Classified Image)
Conifer
Deciduous
Water Unknown
Spectral Signature
of Next Pixel to be
Classified
The Result is Information--in this case a Land Cover map...
Legend:
Water
Conifer
Deciduous
Supervised Classification
Parallelepiped Approach 45
40
Pros: 35
30
– Simple
Band 4
25
20
15
classes Band 3
Supervised Classification:
Statistical Approaches
Minimum distance to mean 45
training sets in n- 25
Band 4
20
dimensional space 15
10
Minimum distance
– Pros:
All regions of n-dimensional
space are classified
Allows for diagonal boundaries
(and hence no overlap of
classes)
Supervised Classification:
Maximum Likelihood
Maximum likelihood classification: another statistical approach
Assume multivariate normal distributions of pixels within classes
For each class, build a discriminant function
– For each pixel in the image, this function calculates the
probability that the pixel is a member of that class
– Takes into account mean and covariance of training set
Each pixel is assigned to the class for which it has the highest
probability of membership
Maximum Likelihood Classifier
Mean Signature 1
Relative Reflectance
Candidate Pixel
Mean Signature 2
Candidate Pixel
Mean Signature 2