Bahan Kuliah Minggu I

ELEKTRONIKA DASAR
Jurusan Teknik Elektro Fakultas Teknik UGM 2007
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C1. Basic Equations

Kirchhoffs Current Law (KCL):
The algebraic sum of the currents entering any node is zero

Kirchhoffs Voltage Law (KVL):

The algebraic sum of all voltages taken around a closed loop in a circuit is zero

Resistive Circuits & Symbols

Voltage source Current source

Ohms law:
Resistor

v Ri
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Resistor Combination
Resistors are in series if they are connected in tandem and carry exactly the same current. Resistors are in parallel if they are connected in the same nodes and have exactly the same voltage across their terminals

Req R1 R2

1 1 1 Req R1 R2

R1 R2 Req => R1 R2
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4 band

5 band

Kapasitor Elektrolit

tantalum

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LED

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DIODA

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Vacuum Tubes - 1941 - 1956

First Generation Electronic Computers used Vacuum Tubes Vacuum tubes are glass tubes with circuits inside. Vacuum tubes have no air inside of them, which protects the circuitry.
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First Transistor
Uses Silicon developed in 1948 won a Nobel prize on-off switch

Second Generation Computers used Transistors, starting in 1956

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The First Microprocessor 1971

The 4004 had 2,250 transistors four-bit chunks (four 1s or 0s) 108Khz Called Microchip

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Electronic Components
Batteries Microphone

Resistor

Coil

+
Power Supply
120V AC In

DC volts Out

Potentiometer Variable Resistor

Transformer
Isolated

Speaker

Capacitors

Step Down Stereo Volume Control Step Up Stereo Headset 37

+
1m 1m

Electronic Components
Diode

Switch Normally Open n.o. Normally Closed n.c.

n.o. n.c.

Transistor Electronic Switch

NPN Slide Switch

LED Light Emitting Diode

Meters Current Meter Voltage Meter Resistance Meter

1m 2m

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Electronic Circuit Ohms Law

Water Flow
Bucket Stores Water

Current Flow
Battery Stores Energy

Bucket 1 Gallon Flow Meter Gallons/hour

Switch Current Flow = 1 amp Resistor restricts current flow light dimmer

Voltage 1.5 Volts

Voltage measured in volts (Symbol = V) Current measured in Amps (Symbol = I) Resistance measured in Ohms (Symbol = )
Formula Valve restricts water flow Resistance = Voltage Current

Voltage = Resistance X Current

Current = Voltage Resistance

5m 7m

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Electronic Components Resistors

Pipe 1 Pipe Smaller pipe 1/2 Pipe restricts flow of fluids Resistor Resistor restricts flow of current. Resistors are made of carbon or wire. Variable Resistor is a Potentiometer
This could be used to control volume in a radio
Resistance measured in Ohms (Symbol = )

Valve Valve restricts flow of fluids

2 inch pipe The smaller the 1 inch pipe pipe the more 3/4 inch pipe restriction of flow 1/2 inch pipe 1/4 inch pipe
1m 8m

The larger the resistor value the more restriction to current flow

1 ohm 10 ohm 100 ohm 1,000 ohm = 1K ohm 10,000 ohm = 10 K ohm 100,000 ohm = 100 K ohm 40 1,000,000 ohm = 1 M ohm

Resistor Color Rings

Electronic Components Resistors

A Resistor Value is determined by its color band and is measured in ohms

First Ring is units Second Ring is Ten Third Ring is number of zeros Fourth Ring is tolerance

Resistor Color Code Values

First Ring Black = 0 Brown = 1 Red =2 Orange = 3 Yellow = 4 Green = 5 Blue =6 Violet = 7 Gray = 8 White = 9
1m 9m

Second Ring Black = 0 Brown = 1 Red =2 Orange = 3 Yellow = 4 Green = 5 Blue =6 Violet = 7 Gray =8 White = 9

Third Ring Multiplier Silver = X .01 Gold = X .1 Black = X 1 Brown = X 10 Red =2= X 100 Orange = 3 = X 1000 Yellow = 4 = X 10,000 Green = 5 = X 100,000 Blue = 6 = X 1000,000 Violet = 7 = X 10,000,000
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Electronic Components Resistors

First Ring is units Second Ring is Ten Third Ring is number of zeros Example of Color Rings First Ring Red =2 Black =0 Second Ring Red = 2 Red = 2 Third Ring Red = X 100 Brown = X 10

= 2200 ohms = 020 ohms

Test of Color Rings

First Ring Brown = _1__

Green
5m 14m

Second Ring Green = _5__ Red = _2__

Third Ring Brown = __0__

= _150 ohms

= _5__

Yellow = 0,000 = 520,000 ohms

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Electronic Components
Voltage Storage Devices Bucket Batteries Sold already charged. Some may be recharged
Different size buckets of water with the same height and with a 1/4 inch hole will take different amounts of time to empty 1 gallon = 1 hours 2 gallon = 2 hours 5 gallon = 5 hour 10 gallon = 10 hour

Capacitors Stores small amounts of Voltage charge Measured in farads

Most batteries are 1.5 Volts per cell.

AAA AA C D

= .2 amp hours = .5 amp hours = 1 amp hour = 4 amp hour

2m 17m

Un-Polorized Polorized 1 f = 1.0 farad 10 mf = .01 Farad 1,000uf = .001 Farad 100uf = .0001 Farad 10uf = .00001Farad 1 uf = .000001Farad .1 uf = .0000001 .01 uf = .00000001 .001 uf = .000000001 100 pf = .0000000001 10 pf = .00000000001 43 1 pf = .000000000001

Transistors
A Transistor is an Electronic Switch
NPN

Mechanical Switch Circuit

Switch open Light off = 0 Switch close Light on = 1 12 Volt Battery

Transistor Switch Circuit

Light

12 Volt Battery

NPN Transistor

1m 38m

Computer can send a signal to turn on the transistor which then turns on the light

Input = 0 Light off Input = 1 Light on 44

Electronic Components
IC Integrated Circuits
An integrated circuit (IC) consists of multiple transistors. The number of transistors can vary from just a few (circuits shown below), to several million that are in a (Pentium microprocessor). 6 Transistors in one IC This IC has 6 inverters An inverter contains 6 Transistors = 36 total Functions Inverters Gates Flip flops Counters Memory MPU Watch ICs Calculators ICs Microwave Timer ICs Radio ICs Dialer ICs Car Controller ICs
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1m 39m

Microprocessor Road Map

Transistors Capacity
20M
10M

PowerPC/Pentium PowerPC/Pentium PowerPC/Pentium

68040/80486

1M

68030/80386 68020/80286 68000/80186

100K

Every 18 months cpus double in density and performance, while still holding prices the same Power Mac

10K

6800/8080

Apple 2E
1K

Mac

iMac

IBM 8080
1970 1975 1980 1985

IBM 386

IBM 486
1990

IBM Pentium
1995 2000

1m 40m

Year of Introduction

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