Hima Bindu 13AR60R23

Objectives
Understand Changes. To assess and identify the major land use change pattern in Rural to Urban Transformation Zone of Srinagar City from period 1971 to 2009. To draw inferences and make out suggestions for the sustainable development of the Rural Urban Fringe of the Srinagar City. Scope the concept of Rural Urban Transformation and its implications to Land use

Layout
What is Rural Urban Transformation Stages of Transformation

Transformation Phenomenon in India

Structural Composition of Rural Urban Fringe Case Study Srinagar City Inferences Suggestions

The focus of the study is to understand the process of Rural urban Transformation in Indian Cities and the inferences drawn were concerned with Srinagar city.

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Rural Transformation
The transformation of rural land into urban land where the two land uses are mixed together and form a transition zone between town and country with more complex interactions. This transition zone is usually referred by many terms such as Semi Urban, Peri Urban or Rural Urban Fringe.
Population Growth Rate

Definition of Rural Urban Fringe

The rural-urban fringe is an area of mixed rural and urban populations and land-uses, which begins at the point where agricultural land uses appear near the city and extends up to the point where villages have distinct urban land uses or some persons , at least from the village community commute to the city daily for work or other purposes. - R. Ramachandran

Migration rate Indicators of Transition Occupatio nal shift Land use changes

Land subdivsion

Density

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Stages of Transformation
RURAL

Characteristics
Predominantly agricultural landuse Low population growth pattern Low density Kutcha structure Low level of facilities and inadequate infrastructure Low land prices Close proximity to extension areas Medium population growth Dominance of agriculture starts to diminish Village falls under the urban extension area Characterized by very high land sub division outside the village about settlement Agricultural diminishes Population increases A large number of rural and urban population migrate inside the village limits Land value starts increasing Village becomes part and parcel of the urban area Inter-dependency upon the urban area increases Very high population growth Change in employment structure Change in land-use from residential to mix land use and emergence of small manufacturing units

PRE TRANSITION

TRANSITION

POST-TRANSITION

URBAN

The village is fully surrounded by planned urban development Very high density Over-congestion Highly stressed area with inadequate infrastructure and facilities Speculative growth of illegal construction Large number of industrial and commercial units crop up In the village 4

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Origin of the Phenomena in India During 19th Century : Pre- independence No real need for physical expansion of towns and cities. First Half of 20th Century : Urban Population growth was still marginal and found adequate room within civil lines and cantonment areas.

Evidences of Rural Urban Transformation in India

The area for urban uses has increased from 38,504 Sq. Kms in 1961 to 77,370 Sq. Kms in 2001. There has been a sharp increase in area under urban use

since 1971 with the decadal rate of growth of urban land area
rising from 8.72 per cent during 1961-71 during 1991 2001. Comparing the rates of growth of the UA and the city to 21 per cent

proper for the 35 cities with a million-plus population, it was

Radical Transformation of Urban Scene. Post Independence One-lakh cities and million cities began to grow rapidly In many cases the population of these cities increased by more than 50% in a decade. Mostly the mega cities are spilling over to rural agricultural belt (peri urban areas) due to abnormally high land price in relation to Indias household income. found that in the largest cities, that is, the primary metros, the UA was growing faster than the city proper.

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Structure of Rural Urban Fringe

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Structural Composition
Concentric Structural units I. The Central Cities(1)
The M1-10etropolitan Planning Area (1-10)

Conceptual areas
Urban Area (1-4)

Administrative Units and their Characteristics

1. 2. 3.

The main city usually a municipal corporation. Other municipal towns contiguous to the above Non-municipal census towns contiguous to the main city.

II. The Urban fringe (2-4)

The Rural-Urban Fringe (3-9)

4. Revenue villages, fully urbanizes and contiguous to the main city. 5. Municipal towns away from the main city(inner ring towns). 6. Non-municipal towns away from the main city(inner ring towns). 7. Revenue villages, partially urbanized, near or away frm the main city. 8. Villages with no urban land-uses but having linkages with the main city. 9. Revenue villages that are wholly rural, but enclosed by other types noted above(the pseudo green belt). 10. Rural revenue villages, with no urban land uses and no linkage with the city(the green belt). 11. Towns(municipal and non municipal)having linkages with the main city, but surrounded by rural villages(outer ring town).

III. The rural fringe (5-9)

IV.The rural area(within the metropolitan planning area)(10)

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Case Study : Fringe of Srinagar City

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Srinagar constitutes 65.28% of the states urban population 3 times larger than the second largest city of the state. 10 times larger than the second urban centre at the regional level i.e. in Kashmir Valley.
Density(Persons /Sq.km) 1950 5949 2001 3581

Srinagar being the regional center, its fringe area has a vast expanse spreads about 800 kms2 outside the municipal limits and is characterized by diverse physiographic disposition ranging from the hills, the kerawas, wet lands and the plains.
City Development Plan Srinagar City

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Agricultural Land Use

Food Grain Production in Relation to Population Growth Maximum conversion has been along major Against 2.5% increases in population transportation corridors thus giving rise to ribbon annually, the Food Grain production settlements. increases by just about 1.0%. A total deficit of 45% has been observed The conversion for residential purposes have This is mainly due to the urban sprawl in negative consequences on food security both in Srinagar city because the maximum the cities and in the peri-urban areas. migration happened in Srinagar city
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Horticulture Land Use

It is seen that the newly converted horticulture land is simultaneously used for vegetables as horticulture needs few years to yield crops. The expansion of horticulture in the fringe area is attributed to the economy of the people as it is mainly from agriculture. Within primary sector of economy, horticulture assumes the priority as its returns are more than that of agriculture.

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Forest Land Use

The substantial increase is understood from

then fact that the use of this type is confined to

the Zabarwan hills of the city, where famous Dachigam Wildlife sanctuary is located. Furthermore, the scrubland of the Zabarwan hills had been planted under various social and voluntary forestry schemes.

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Scrubland

Scrubland

has

decreased

substantially

from 10.08 percent in 1971 to 8.54 percent in

2009 registering a change of 15.20 percent.

The change has mainly been due the encroachment of agriculture in Zabarwan hills and partially due to various forestry schemes adopted to ensure protection of green spaces in the Srinagar city.

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Plantations

The shrinkage of the wetlands of the fringe area

of the city has mainly been at the cost of willow

plantations. Similarly, the flood prone areas of Jhelum floor have been planted heavily in recent years so as to reduce the chances of economic losses on account of paddy and mustard cultivation.

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Streams

Previously there existed a well knit network

of streams Over the period of 40 years unprecedented and unplanned growth of the urban centre, use of chemicals and pesticides and agriculture and horticulture, disposal of urban waste directly into various water bodies has resulted in pollution and encroachment of this

category of land use beyond the levels of

repairment. Nallah
1991 Muncip ality Greater Srinagar 96.1 85.62 2001 96.32 84.7

River
1991 1.47 13.32 2001 1.36 12.46

Tubewell
1991 0.04 1.52 2001 0.06 2.16

Presently there exists a broken network of Spring/ Lakes SMC Tankers

1991

streams. Small and medium sized streams have

2001

1991

2001

1.7 1.6 lost 1.23or converted 1.5 been either into sewage drains. 0.42 0.36 0.21 0.32

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Vegetables
The vegetable gardens have mainly encroached in wetlands and agricultural land. This enormous scale of change is attributed to the unprecedented growth of Srinagar city both in areal expansion and population size. Owing to the population pressure there is heavy demand for vegetables which not only the fringe area but also the city region is unable able to provide with, therefore, huge imports of vegetables from other states are made.

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Wetlands and lakes

. The wetlands of the City and the fringe have suffered unprecedented mainly as a result of unplanned and haphazard urban sprawl. Large areas lost due to developmental activities, siltation and encroachments. Further, the remaining area under wetlands has been fragmented and many interconnecting streams have been destroyed. The loss in terms of areal expansion has not only resulted in a threat to the wet land ecology but also reduced their capacity as flood absorption basin.

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Brick Kiln Land use

The expanding physical structure of the city requires large amount of construction material and the bulk of material is derived from locally available clay, soil, sand and gravel. This can be seen from the brick kilns found in the ruralurban fringe as bricks are predominantly used for infrastructure development.

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Built-Up Land Use

Expansion has mainly been in terms of residential land use. Huge number of residential colonies and commercial apartments have come up in the periphery These developments have mainly been at the cost of productive agricultural land and precious wetlands of the rural-urban fringe.
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Inferences
Agriculture and Wetlands were the major victims which were declined by more than 30% of the total land use contribution.

Plantations and Horticulture were substantially increased by more than 8% at the cost of
wetlands and agricultural lands. Built-up has grown by 4.71% , generally along the major lines of communications or roads adjacent to specified city limits. The city is passing through the situation of unauthorized and unplanned development, at the fringe area in the form of piecemeal construction of homesteads, and other non-conforming land uses often termed as urban Sprawl

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Suggestions
Measures should be taken for uniform distribution of infrastructural facilities in the rural-urban fringe Regional approach in planning should be adopted. i.e., The population retaining capacity of the various urban centers of the valley has to be increased by providing the basic community amenities and services. Those economic activities such as handicrafts, floriculture and horticulture in the fringe zone should be promoted which will not only generate heavy economic returns but have a least impact on environment. Constructions over the wetlands which have economic potential both from agriculture and tourism point of view should be strictly banned. Urban sprawl in the form of ribbon development should be discouraged. Coordination between various agencies like Gram panchayats and town planning organization should be promoted for overall development of fringe.

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