Talk on Generation of Programming Languages

By: Rahul Mishra

Charles Babbage
26 Dec 1791 18 Oct1871 Alfred Tennyson, 5 Aug 1809 -6 Oct 1892

Every moment dies a man, Every moment dies a man, Every moment 1 1/16 is born."

Every moment one is born.

Sir: In your otherwise beautiful poem "The Vision of Sin" there is a verse which reads "Every moment dies a man, Every moment one is born." It must be manifest that if this were true, the population of the world would be at a standstill. In truth, the rate of birth is slightly in excess of that of death. I would suggest that in the next edition of your poem you have it read "Every moment dies a man, Every moment 1 1/16 is born." The actual figure is so long I cannot get it onto a line, but I believe the figure 1 1/16 will be sufficiently accurate for poetry.

I am, Sir, yours, etc.,

Charles Babbage

Charles Babbages Analytic Engine 1833

Earliest known computer Never fully built Operations and variables on separate punch cards Conditional jumps accomplished mechanically by physically jumping over a band of cards Collaborator Lady Ada Byron, Countess of Lovelace. Babbage first computer scientist. Ada Byron first computer programmer.

Ada Lovelace (10 December 1815 27 November 1852)

The IBM Automatic Sequence Controlled Calculator (ASCC), called Mark I by Harvard University's staff

Left Side view

Right side view

Input/Output and control

Programming Language Generations

First Generation Machine-level programming languages
Fast and efficient, executed directly on the CPU Consists only of 0s and 1s Difficult for humans to read, write, and debug

Programming Language Generations

Second Generation
(early 1950s): Symbolic assemblers Interpreting routines Very early compilers

Assembly languages
Simple mnemonic instructions <opcode> <operands> Assembler translates into machine code Handcoding in assembly only for low-level needs

Simple Assembly program

Move 5 to Ax mov ax,5 Instruction destination, source
Add Bx to Ax Add ax,bx

Programming Language Generations

Third Generation
(mid 1950s - present):

High level, general-purpose

FORTRAN, LISP, COBOL, ALGOL (Ada, Basic, C, C++, Java, Pascal, Smalltalk, )

Easier for humans to read, write, debug Compiler translates into machine code before running Interpreter translates into machine code at runtime

Programming Language Generations

Fourth Generation (1970s - ):
Specification languages, query languages, report generators, systems engineering
Maple, Mathematica, Postscript, SPSS, SQL

Fifth Generation (1980s - ):

Solve problems using constraints rather than algorithms, used in Artificial Intelligence
Prolog

Sources

Sethi, Programming Languages, 2nd edition Sebasta, Concepts of Programming Languages, 8th edition Wikipedia (most images) Old CS 101 and CS 313 lecture notes

Thank You you can find a copy of presentation at slide share.com

Any Questions ??