Source and Management of Waste

Content
1. 2. 3. SOURCE, COMPOSITION & CHARACTERISTICS BASIC PROCESSING TECHNOLOGIES SOURCE REDUCTION, REUSE, RECYCLING & RECOVERY OF MUNICIPAL SOLID WASTE

4.
5.

DISPOSAL OF SOLID WASTE

ENVIRONMENTAL EFFECTS & PUBLIC HEALTH ASPECTS

WHAT IS SWM ?
SOLID WASTE GENERAL DEFINITION
MATERIAL ARISING FROM HUMAN & ANIMAL

ACTIVITIES THAT IS NORMALLY SOLID & IS DISCARDED AS BEING EITHER USELESS OR UNWANTED

WHAT IS SWM ?
US RESOURCE CONSERVATION & RECOVERY ACT
(RCRA) 1976 GARBAGE, REFUSE, SLUDGE FROM WASTEWATER TREATMENT PLANT, WATER SUPPLY TREATMENT PLANT, OR AIR POLLUTION CONTROL FACILITY, & OTHER DISCARDED MATERIAL INCLUDING SOLID, LIQUID, SEMISOLID, OR CONTAINED GASEOUS MATERIAL RESULTING FROM INDUSTRIAL, COMMERCIAL, MINING, & AGRICULTURAL OPERATIONS, & FROM COMMUNITY ACTIVITIES

WHAT IS SWM ?
SOLID WASTE NOT INCLUDE SOLID OR DISSOLVED
MATERIALS IN IRRIGATION RETURN FLOWS OR INDUSTRIAL DISCHARGES

MANAGEMENT CAREFULLY PLANNED, JUDIOUS USE

OF MEANS TO ACHIEVE AN END

END REMOVAL & DISPOSAL OF UNWANTED

MATERIAL

TO ACHIEVE TECHNICAL, ENVIRONMENTAL,

ADMINISTRATIVE, ECONOMIC, & POLITICAL PROBLEMS MUST BE SOLVED

FUNCTIONAL ELEMENTS OF SWM SYSTEM

SOLID WASTE GENERATION

WASTE HANDLING SEPARATION & STORAGE AT SITE

COLLECTION SEPARATION, PROCESSING, & TRANSFORMATION OF SW

TRANSFER & TRANSPORT

DISPOSAL

SOURCES OF SW
SOURCES OF SW IN COMMUNITY RELATED TO
LAND USE & ZONING

CLASSIFICATIONS NECESSARY ADDRESS

COMPLEX CHALLENGES OF SWM

SW DIVIDED INTO FOUR GENERAL CATEGORIES

MUNICIPAL WASTE INDUSTRIAL WASTE AGRICULTURAL WASTE HAZARDOUS WASTE

SOURCES OF SW

1.

MUNICIPAL WASTE FROM HOUSEHOLD, INSTITUTIONAL, COMMERCIAL, MUNICIPAL, & INDUSTRIAL SOURCES (EXC. PROCESS WASTES) RESIDENTIAL WASTE THIS CATEGORY OF WASTE INCLUDES REJECTED SOLID MATERIAL THAT ORIGINATES FROM SINGLE-FAMILY, MULTIFAMILY, & HIGH-RISE DWELLINGS; OFTEN CALLED HOUSEHOLD WASTES & CONSIST OF GARBAGE, RUBBISH & TRASH, BULKY WASTE & ASH

SOURCES OF SW

GARBAGE RESULTS FROM FOOD PREPARATION, PACKAGING, CONSUMPTION, & ASSOCIATED ACTIVITIES; QUICK REMOVAL FROM PLACE OF GENERATION, CAREFUL STORAGE, & DISPOSAL ARE NECESSARY TENDS TO ATTRACT RATS & FLIES & PRODUCE STRONG ODORS

RUBBISH & TRASH CONSISTS OF PAPER & PAPER

PRODUCTS, CANS, BOTTLES, PLASTICS, OLD CLOTHES, LEATHER PRODUCTS, METAL PRODUCTS, GLASS, CERAMICS, DIRT, DUST, GARDEN WASTES, ETC.

SOURCES OF SW
BULKY WASTE INCLUDES
HEAVY & LARGE WASTES SUCH AS APPLIANCES, FURNITURE, MATTRESSES, TOYS, TIRES, CONSUMER ELECTRONICS; DUE TO SIZE, WEIGHT & IRREGULAR GENERATION SPECIAL HANDLING & COLLECTION TECHNIQUES REQUIRED

ASH END PRODUCT FROM BURNING FIREWOOD,

COAL, ETC. FOR HEATING OF RESIDENTIAL UNITS

SOURCES OF SW
MUNICIPAL SERVICES INCLUDES SOLID
RESIDUE FROM MUNICIPAL FUNCTIONS & SERVICES

WATER & WASTEWATER PLANT SLUDGE NEEDS TO

BE PROPERLY DISPOSED OF TO PREVENT GROUND OR SURFACE WATER CONTAMINATION; TREATMENT OPERATED BY MUNICIPALITY, PUBLIC UTILITY COMPANIES, OR SANITARY DISTRICT

STREET REFUSE RESULTS FROM COLLECTION OF

STREET SWEEPINGS & DEBRIS THAT ARE PRIMARILY INORGANIC IN NATURE (SAND, DIRT); QUANTITY & CONTENT DEPEND ON SEASON & FREQUENCY OF CLEANING OPERATIONS

SOURCES OF SW
PUBLIC PARK & BEACH REFUSE PEOPLE USING
FACILITIES GENERATE REFUSE (BOTTLES, CANS, ETC); ALSO, WASTE RESULTS FROM MAINTANENCE TREERS, LAWNS, ETC.

DEAD ANIMALS MAJOR PROBLEM IN AREAS

CLOSE TO HABITATS WITH LARGE POPULATION OF WILD ANIMALS (DEER, GOPHERS) OR IN COMMUNITIES THAT EITHER DO NOT HAVE ANIMAL CONTROL LAWS OR DO NOT ENFORCE THEM; MUNICIPALITY RENSPONSIBLE FOR REMOVAL & DISPOSAL OF DEAD ANIMALS

SOURCES OF SW
ABANDONED WASTE EVEN THOUGH ITS
AGAINST THE LAW, PEOPLE STILL PITCH BOTTLES, CANS & PAPER PRODUCTS INTO STREETS, DRAINAGE DITCHES & PARKS; JUNKED APPLIANCES ALSO ABANDONED ON PUBLIC GROUND; OLD AUTOMOBILES ABANDONED ON STREETS AFTER REMOVING LISENCE PLATES.

DEMOLITION & CONSTRUCTION WASTE

INCLUDES WOOD, METAL, CONCRETE, BRICKS, GLASS, PLASTICS, ETC.; MATERIALS USED IN CONSTRUCTION OF BUILDING & PAVEMENT & THAT ARE REMOVED BY DESTRUCTION QUANTITY & COMPONENTS CAN BE HIGHLY VARIABLE

SOURCES OF SW
COMMERCIAL & INSTITUTIONAL WASTE
ORIGINATES FROM STORES, RESTAURANTS, OFFICES, HOTELS, ETC. SUBDIVIDED INTO GARBAGE & RUBBISH; GARBAGE GENERATED IN RESTAURANT, ETC.; RUBBISH GENERATED IN OFFICES (PAPER), STORES (PLASTIC, WOOD); SPECIAL WASTE GENERATED BY HOSPITALS & RESEARCH LAB MAY INCLUDE TOXIC CHEMICALS, EXPLOSIVE MATERIALS, PATHOLOGICAL MATERIALS REQUIRE SPECIAL COLLECTION, HANDLING & DISPOSAL

SOURCES OF SW

2.

SOURCES; QUANTITIES & CHARACTERISTICS ARE DIFFERENT

INDUSTRIAL WASTE 2 GENERAL

COMMERCIAL & INSTITUTIONAL WASTE GENERATED BY OFFICE,CAFETERIA, & OTHER PERSONNEL-RELATED ACTIVITIES; INCLUDED IN CATEGORY OF MUNICIPAL WASTE

SOURCES OF SW

2.

SOURCES; QUANTITIES & CHARACTERISTICS ARE DIFFERENT

INDUSTRIAL WASTE 2 GENERAL

PROCESS WASTE GENERATED BY VARIOUS

INDUSTRIAL PROCESSES; INCLUDE CHEMICAL PLANTS, REFINERIES, ETC.; SOME MAY BE HAZARDOUS; MANAGE ON SITE BY GENERATING INDUSTRIES, SOME LANDFILLED

SOURCES OF SW

3.

FROM ANIMAL FEEDLOTS & CROPS; SUBSTANTIAL QUANTITIES OF MANURE ARE GENERATED FROM FEEDING OPERATIONS OF CATTLE, HOGS, ETC.; MANAGING THESE LARGE QUANTITIES MAJOR COST TO FEEDLOT OWNERS

AGRICULTURAL WASTE GENERATED

COMPOSITION
DESCRIBE INDIVIDUAL COMPONENTS MAKING UP SW STREAM & THEIR RELATIVE DISTRIBUTION, USUALLY BASED ON WEIGHT %

INFORMATION IS IMPORTANT WHEN

EVALUATING EQUIPMENT REQUIREMENTS & MANAGEMENT PLANS

COMPOSITION OF SW HAS CHANGED

CONSIDERABLY OVER THE YEARS RESULTS FROM TECHNOLOGICAL ADVANCES, LIFESTYLE CHANGES, & REGULATORY RESTRICTIONS

BREAKDOWN OF MSW IN US
WASTE SOURCE RESIDENTIAL & COMMERCIAL (NONHAZARDOUS) SPECIAL WASTE (e.g. bulky) HAZARDOUS INSTITUTIONAL CONSTRUCTION & DEMOLITION STREET SWEEPINGS LANDSCAPING TREATMENT PLANT SLUDGE RANGE (wt%) TYPICAL (wt%)

50-75
3-12 0-0.99 3-5 8-20 2-5 4-9 3-8

62
5 0.1 4 14 4 6 5

TYPICAL COMPOSITION OF DOMESTIC WASTE

COMPOSITION (%) FOOD WASTES PAPER, CARDBOARD PLASTICS GLASS METALS CLOTHING/TEXTILES US 9 40 7 8 905 2 UK 25 29 7 10 8 3 POLAND 24 11 2 6 2 10 CHINA 36 2 1.5 1 1 1.5

ASHES, DUST

14
4

45
-

57
-

UNCLASSIFIED (e.g. garden, yard) 21.5

QUANTITIES & CHARACTERISTICS

AVERAGE VALUES ARE SUBJECT TO WIDE VARIATIONS FROM CITY TO CITY, SEASON TO SEASON & WITH RESPECT TO METHODOLOGY USED

4. HAZARDOUS WASTE
MANY PRODUCTS USED EACH DAY INSIDE
HOME CONTAIN HAZARDOUS CHEMICALS HOUSEHOLD CLEANERS, LAWN & GARDEN PRODUCTS (HERBICIDES, PESTICIDES, FUNGICIDES), ETC.

EX.: FURNITURE POLISH, PAINT, BATTERIES,

HAZARDOUS MATERIAL HARMFUL TO PUBLIC

HEALTH & ENVIRONMENT IF IMPROPERLY USED OR DISPOSED

ANOTHER SOURCE COMMERCIAL

ESTABLISHMENTS: SOLVENTS FROM REPAIR SHOP, INKS FROM PRINT SHOP, ETC.

MANAGEMENT OF HAZARDOUS WASTE

MOST EFFECTIVE WAY ELIMINATE (SMALL
QTY IN MSW) IS SEPARATE THEM AT POINT OF GENERATION

CITIZENS SHOULD ALSO BE EDUCATED ABOUT

PROPER USE, STORAGE, & DISPOSAL OF HOUSEHOLD HAZARDOUS WASTES

SW BASIC PROCESSING
1. PREPROCESSING PRODUCE A WASTE STREAM
WITH GREATER HOMOGENEITY & PERMIT RECOVERY OF MATERIALS

WEIGH STATIONS PROVIDE ACCURATE INFO

ON QTT RECEIVED & ALLOWS EQUITABLE FEES FOR PROCESSING INCOMING VEHICLES, PROVIDE SPACE FOR THEM TO UNLOAD & ALLOW STORAGE WASTE MATERIAL BEFORE PROCESSING PROCESSES TO MOVE SW INTO, AWAY FROM, & BETWEEN PROCESSING STAGES

RECEIVING & STORAGE AREAS RECEIVE

REFUSE CONVEYING VARIETY OF TRANSPORT

SW BASIC PROCESSING
2. PHYSICAL PROCESSING
PARTICLE SIZE DISTRIBUTION OF
UNPROCESSES SW RAW SW IS A MIXTURE WITH VARYING SIZES & SHAPES OF WASTE & PRODUCE A RELATIVELY UNIFORM MATERIAL

SHREDDING & SIZE REDUCTION REDUCE SIZE

SEPARATION OF WASTE COMPONENTS CAN

SEPARATE EITHER BY PARTICLE SIZE, DENSITY, OR MAGNETIC SEPARATION

3. CHEMICAL TRANSFORMATION
(COMBUSTION)

SW BASIC PROCESSING

ENGINEERED PROCESS THAT EMPLOYS THERMAL

DECOMPOSITION VIA THERMAL OXIDATION AT HIGH T ( 1400OF) TO CONVERT WASTE TO LOWER-VOLUME, NON-HAZARDOUS MATERIAL OR ENERGY

MAJOR ELEMENTS IN FUEL C, H, O, SOME S

CONTENT, SOME N CONTENT.

WHEN ADEQUATE OXYGEN AVAILABLE C

OXIDIZE TO CO2, H TO H2O, S TO SO2, N TO NO

SW BASIC PROCESSING
COMBUSTION CHEMICAL REACTION, THUS,
FOLLOWS THE LAWS OF CHEMICAL EQUILIBRIUM, CHEMICAL KINETICS & THERMODYNAMICS

COMBUSTION REACTION FUNC. OF OXYGEN,

TIME, TEMPERATURE, TURBULENCE

SW BASIC PROCESSING
4. BIOLOGICAL TRANSFORMATION
ORGANIC MATTER IN MSW HAVE DISPOSAL
PROBLEM, - BUT HAVE POTENTIAL TO BE CONVERTED INTO USEFUL CHEMICALS & FUELS INTO GASES, SOLIDS & ENERGY

MICROORGANISMS BIODEGRADE THE ORGANICS TO CONTINUE REPRODUCE & FUNCTION

PROPERLY, HOWEVER, THESE ORGANISMS MUST HAVE A SOURCE OF ENERGY: CARBON TO SYNTHESIZE NEW CELLS, INORGANIC ELEMENTS (i.e. nutrients), PROPER pH & TEMPERATURE, & A NONTOXIC SUBSTRATE

SW BASIC PROCESSING
4. BIOLOGICAL TRANSFORMATION (CONT.)
TYPES OF MOs USED DURING BIODEGRADATION
ALSO SHOULD BE CONSIDERED (AEROBIC/ ANAEROBIC)

ONE IMPORTANT APPLICATION OF BIOLOGICAL

PRINCIPLES IN PROCESS OF COMPOSTING SW

SW BASIC PROCESSING
5. LIFE CYCLE ASSESSMENT
RAW MATERIAL ACQUISITION MATERIAL PROCESSING PRODUCT MANUFACTURING PACKAGING & DISTRIBUTION PRODUCT REUSE USE & SERVICE RETIREMENT TREATMENT & DISPOSAL THE EARTH & BIOSPHERE OUTPUTS SOLID WASTES, AIR & WATER EFFLUENTS, WASTE HEATS & ENERGY RECOVERY

RECYCLING

INPUTS ENERGY, RAW MATERIALS, AIR, WATER

REMANUFACTURING

OPEN-LOOP RECYCLING (MATERIAL DOWNCYCLING INTO ANOTHER PRODUCT SYSTEM)

SOURCE REDUCTION, REUSE, RECYCLING & RECOVERY

ACCORDING TO US EPA - STATES,
MUNICIPALITIES, & WASTE MANAGEMENT INDUSTRY SHOULD FOLLOW THIS HIERARCHY TO REDUCE SWM PROBLEM EFFECTIVELY

1. SOURCE REDUCTION 2. REUSE 3. RECYCLING 4. TREATMENT 5. DISPOSAL

SOURCE REDUCTION, REUSE, RECYCLING & RECOVERY

WASTE THAT IS NOT PRODUCED DOES NOT CONSEQUENTLY, PREVENTING WASTE &
POLLUTION HAS BECOME A MAJOR ISSUE DESIGN, MANUFACTURE, & PACKAGING OF PRODUCTS WITH LITTLE OR NO TOXIC CONTENT, A MINIMUM VOLUME OF MATERIAL, AND/OR A LONGER PRODUCT LIFE-TIME MADE & MARKETED

HAVE TO BE COLLECTED VERY GOOD CONCEPT

SOURCE REDUCTION PROGRAMS INCLUDE THE

INVOLVES CHANGING THE WAY PRODUCTS ARE

SOURCE REDUCTION, REUSE, RECYCLING & RECOVERY

EFFECT - LANDFILL CAPACITY & NATURAL
RESOURCES ARE CONSERVED, LESS ENERGY IS USED IN MANUFACTURING, & LAND, AIR, & WATER POLLUTION ARE REDUCED
ACTIVITIES - INCLUDE PRODUCT REUSE, REDUCED MATERIAL VOLUME, REDUCED TOXICITY, INCREASED PRODUCT LIFETIME, & DECREASED CONSUMPTION

ELEMENTS OF SOURCE REDUCTION

SOURCE REDUCTION, REUSE, RECYCLING & RECOVERY

EX. OF PRODUCT REUSE REUSABLE
SHOPPING BAGS, CLOTHES & OTHER ITEMS AT SALVATION ARMY, RETREADED TIRES,& RECHARGED BATTERIES
USING CONCENTRATES, LIGHTER-METAL CANS, & GLASS CONTAINERS WASTE STREAM BY WEIGHT, & POTENTIAL TARGET FOR WASTE REDUCTION

REDUCED MATERIAL VOLUME POSSIBLE BY

TYPICAL PACKING ITEM 1/3 NATIONAL

SOURCE REDUCTION, REUSE, RECYCLING & RECOVERY

SOME PACKAGING IS ESSENTIAL FOR
PROTECTING, TRANSPORTING, & MARKETING, BUT WASTE REDUCTION IS POSSIBLE BY ELIMINATING UNNECESSARY PACKAGING - DESIGNING BETTER PACKAGES, & REUSING & REFILLING
PACKAGING WASTE STRATEGIES ARE BASED ON THE PRINCIPLE THAT THE POLLUTER PAYS PACKAGING WASTE, IN EFFECT INTERNALIZING COST OF WASTE MANAGEMENT & PROVIDING INCENTIVES FOR SOURCE REDUCTION

IN EUROPE, DRAMATIC STEPS HAVE REDUCED

THIS MAKES THE PRODUCERS RESPONSIBLE FOR

REDUCING QUANTITY & TOXICITY

REDUCING QUANTITY & TOXICITY OF WASTE &
REUSE OF MATERIALS BEFORE ENTERING WASTE STREAM ARE PRACTICES IMPLEMENTED BY MANUFACTURERS & CONSUMERS
BEFORE MANUFACTURING TO CONTAIN LESS-OR EVEN NONE- OF SUBSTANCES THAT POSE RISKS WHEN BECOME PART OF WASTE STREAM

PRODUCTS CAN BE DESIGNED & FORMULATED

REDUCING QUANTITY & TOXICITY

TOXIC MATERIALS IN HOUSEHOLD WASTES - AS SYNTHETICS REPLACED MANY
TRADITIONAL MATERIALS - DERIVED TOXIC MATERIALS IN SUCH WASTE HAVE INCREASED APPRECIABLY; TOXIC CONSTITUENTS IN SW INCLUDE HEAVY METALS, CHLORINATED HYDROCARBONS, & USED MOTOR OIL

REDUCTION IN TOXICITY CAN BE ACHIEVED BY

USING LESS (OR NO) PROBLEMATIC SUBSTITUTES FOR TOXIC CONSTITUENTS

RECYCLING
SEPARATION OF A GIVEN WASTE MATERIAL
FROM WASTE STREAM FOR REUSE OR PROCESSING TO BE SUITABLE FOR USE AS A RAW MATERIAL FOR MANUFACTURING

AFTER SOURCE REDUCTION (TOP PRIORITY IN

SWM HIERARCHY), RECOVERY OF MATERIALS FOR RECYCLING & COMPOSTING IS THE NEXT IMPORTANT ACTIVITY

COMMONLY ACCEPTED DEFN. OF SW RECYCLING

TO USE ONE OR MORE COMPONENTS IN A WAY THAT THEY ARE NOT DEPOSITED IN A SANITARY LANDFILL & THAT CONSERVES NATURAL RESOURCES

RECYCLING
MOST RECYCLING PROGRAMS SUBSIDIZED FINANCIALLY - THE COLLECTION & TRANSPORT OF WASTE FOR RECYCLING REQUIRE SUBSTANTIAL AMT. OF LABOUR & ENERGY

RECYCLING PROCESS - INCLUDES

SEPARATING RECYCLABLES BY TYPE, COLLECTING THEM, PROCESSING THEM INTO NEW FORMS, MANUFACTURING THEM INTO PRODUCTS, & MARKETING THEM AS GOODS MADE FROM REPROCESED MATERIALS

RECYCLING
SEPARATION (USUALLY) COMES BEFORE
COLLECTION GENERALLY DONE BY GENERATORS UP FOR DELIVERY TO A MATERIAL-PROCESSING CENTRE OR A SCRAP PROCESSOR COLLECTED AT CURBSIDE OR DELIVERED TO DROP OFF CENTRE

RECYCLABLES THEN DELIVERED OR PICKED

SOURCE - SEPARATED WASTES MAY BE

RECYCLING
YEARS AGO, RECOVERY FOR RECYCLING &
COMPOSTING HAD LITTLE EFFECT ON THE TOTAL WASTE STREAM

DECREASING LANDFILL CAPACITY,

ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACTS, IMPROVING MARKETS, ECONOMIC INCENTIVES & POLITICAL SUPPORT - STRONG EMPHASIS ON RECOVERY FOR RECYCLING (INCLUDING COMPOSTING) DEVELOPED

RECYCLING
USES FOR RECYCLED MATERIALS PAPER & PAPER PRODUCTS USED TO MAKE
NEWPRINT, PAPERBOARD FOR VARIOUS TYPES OF BOXES, CONTAINER BOARD, & CONSTRUCTION PRODUCTS; VARIOUS PAPER PRODUCTS RECOVERED FROM SW CAN BE REPULPED & MADE INTO NEW PRODUCTS; PROPORTION OF RECYCLED PAPER BLENDED WITH VIRGIN FIBERS DEPENDS ON QUALITY OF RECYCLED MATERIAL; HOWEVER, RESULTS IN SHORTENING OF PAPER FIBER WHICH SOON REACHES A SIZE THAT IS NOT POSSIBLE TO USE ANYMORE

RECYCLING
USES FOR RECYCLED MATERIALS (CONT.) PLASTICS MOST ARE SYNTHETIC COMPOUNDS
COMPOSED OF POLYMERS CONTAINING HYDROGEN, CARBON & OXYGEN, & ARE USUALLY MANUFACTURED FROM PETROLEUM & ITS DERIVATIES; REQUIRES GREAT CARE BECAUSE OF POSSIBLE CONTAMINATION BY PRODUCTS THE PLASTIC ONCE CONTAINED OR EVEN BY A SMALL QUANTITY OF DIFF. TYPES OF PLASTICS WITH DIFF. RESINS; SORTING NOT NECESSRY BECAUSE COMINGLED PLASTICS (MIXTUERS) CAN BE SHREDDED, MELTED & EXTRUDED INTO USEFUL FORMS

RECYCLING
USES FOR RECYCLED MATERIALS (CONT.) ALUMINUM HAS BEEEN SUCCESSFUL,
ESPECIALLY ALUMINUM CANS; ECONOMIC INCENTIVE IS DIRECTLY ATTRIBUTABLE TO THE FACT THAT RECYCLED ALUMINUM USES ONLY 23% OF ENERGY REQUIRED TO MAKE NEW ALUMINUM FROM BAUXITE ORE; RECYCLYING HELPS TO REDUCE PLACED ON LANDFILLS & SAVES SIGNIFICANT AMT OF ENERGY

RECYCLING
USES FOR RECYCLED MATERIALS (CONT.) GLASS GLASSMAKERS RETURN GLASS THAT IS
BROKEN DURING MANUFACTURING TO GLASS FURNACE; MANY MANUFCTURING PLANTS ALSO HAVE A BUY-BACK PROGRAM FOR BROKEN GLASS WHEN THEIR OWN SUPPLY IS IMPROPER;BROKEN GLASS MIXED AT RATIO 15% WITH RAW MATERIAL USED FOR NEW PRODUCT MANUFACTURE; AS LONG AS THE SAME COLOR, CAN BE USED WITHOUT ADDITIONAL REFINING

RECYCLING
CONSTRUCTION & DEMOLITION WASTES ASPHALT - OLD PAVEMENT MATERIAL IS
PROCESSSED WITH CONCEREE & STONES OR BY ITSELF

CONCRETE CRUSHED & SCREENED FOR USE AS

ROAD BASE, OR MIXED WITH NEW CONCRETE OR USE IN MAKING NEW PRODUCTS & LANDSCAPING; REMAINING IS SHREDDED & PASSED THRU CLASSIFIER, WHERE LARGE PIECES ARE SEPARATED

WOOD CLEAN WOOD IS PROCESSED FOR FUEL

 CONSTRUCTION & DEMOLITION WASTES

(CONT.)

RECYCLING

USED TIRES POSE A MAJOR DISPOSAL PROBLEM;

PILES IF TIRES ARE EYESORES & CAUSE ENVIRONMENTAL & PUBLIC HEALTH PROBLEMS; ALSO FIRE HAZARD, CAN PRODUCE NOXIOUS BLACK SMOKE & FUMES; TIRE COLLECTORS SEPARATE TIRES THAT CAN BE REUSED AFTER RETREADING, REMAINDER ARE STORED OR SHREDDED FOR LANDFILL DISPOSAL; PRESENT RECYCLING PROGRAM INCINERATED OR BURNED AS A FUEL IN A SPECIALLY DESIGNED POWER PLANTS & UTILIZED FOR MISCHELLANOUS PURPOSES (PLAYGROUND EQUIPMENT)

RECYCLING
OILS, SOLVENTS, ACIDS & METALS OIL RECOVERY USED LUBRICATING OILS CAN BE
RECOVERED TO A QUALITY ESSENTIALLY EQUAL TO THAT OF VIRGIN LUBRICATING OILS; DIRT & SLUDGE THAT BUILD UP IN THESE OILS MAKE DECONTAMINING & RECLAIMING IT CALLED OIL RE-FINING; PREFERRED METHOD FOR RE-FINING DISTILLATION

SOLVENT RECOVERY SEPARATE CONTAMINANTS

FROM WASTE SOLVENTS THUS RESTORING SOLVENT TO ITS ORIGINAL QUALITY OR TO LOWER-GRADE SOLVENT; COMMON USED IS DISTILLATION. EVAPORATION, FILTRATION, ETC.

RECYCLING
OILS, SOLVENTS, ACIDS & METALS (CONT.) ACID REGENERATION USUALLY INVOLVES
SEPARAION OF UNREACTED ACID FROM AN ACID WASTE; IMPURITIES ARE REMOVED AS A PRECIPITATE BY COOLING THE ACID USING DIFFERENCES IN THE MELTING & BOILING PROPERTIES TO SEPRATE THEM AT HIGH T; ANOTHER TECHNOLOGY REMOVES & CONCENTRATES METALS FROM LIQUID WASTE BY USING PROCESSES SUCH AS PRECIPITATION, ION EXCHANGE, MEMBRANE FILTRATION, SOLVENT STRIPPING, ADSORPTION, REVERSE OSMOSIS

METALS RECOVERY CAN BE RECOVERED BY

RECYCLING
ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACTS REDUCE POLLUTION
& ENERGY USE THUS RESULTING IN ENVIRONMENTAL BENEFIT

WHEN SECONDARY MATERIALS ARE USED IN

MANUFACTURING, VIRGIN RESOURCES ARE CONSERVED

LIMITATIONS TO THE RECOVERABILITY OF

MATERIALS RESULT FROM PHYSICAL & ECONOMIC CONSTRAINTS INVOLVES REPROCESSING OR REMANUFACTURING MATERIALS THAT HAVE NEGATIVE ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACTS

RECYCLING EFFECTS ARE NOT ALWAYS POSITIVE;

DISPOSAL OF SW
LANDFILL IS DEFINED AS A SYSTEM THAT IS
DESIGNED & CONSTRUCTED TO DISPOSE OF DISCARDED WASTE BY BURIAL IN LAND TO MINIMIZE THE RELEASE OF CONTAMINANTS TO THE ENVIRONMENT MANAGEMENT & HAZARDOUS WASTE MANAGEMENT PRACTICE

CURRENTLY A SIGNIFICANT PART OF MSW IN US, LANDFILL MOST WIDELY USED

METHOD OF WASTE MANAGEMENT WITH ~ 80% OF NATIONS MSW IS LANDFILLED

DISPOSAL OF SW
BECAUSE OF INCREASED CONCERN AMONG
CITIZENS & GOVERNMENT REGARDING THE ADVERSE ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT ASSOCIATED WITH IMPROPERLY LOCATED, DESIGNED & OPERATED LANDFILLS, ALSO HARD TO FIND NEW LANDFILL SITE THE 3-Rs ARE BEGINNING TO HAVE SOME EFFECT ON PUBLIC OPINION

3-Rs REDUCTION, REUSE, & RECYCLING

DISPOSAL OF SW
NUMBER OF LANDFILL CLASSIFICATION SYSTEM
HAVE BEEN PROPOSED
CLASS I (SECURE LANDFILLS) II (MONOFILLS) III (SANITARY LANDFILLS) DESIGNED TO HANDLE HAZARDOUS WASTE DESIGNATED WASTE MSW

DISPOSAL OF SW
SITING CONSIDERATIONS PROPER SITING IS
CRUCIAL TO PROVIDE ECONOMICAL DISPOSAL WHILE PROTECTING HUMAN HEALTH & ENVIRONMENT

FOUR MAJOR ISSUES IN THE PROCESS OF

LANDFILL SELECTING

1. DATA COLLECTION MANY MAPS & OTHER

INFORMATION (e.g. solid waste volume, landfill volume) MUST BE STUDIED TO OBTAIN DATA WITHIN THE SEARCH AREA

DISPOSAL OF SW
2. LOCATION CONSTRAINS A SEARCH FOR A
SUITABLE LANDFILL SITE TYPICALLY BEGINS BY ELIMINATING ENVIRONMENTALLY UNSUITABLE LOCATIONS; CERTAIN TYPES OF LAND ARE ENVIRONMENTALLY UNSUITABLE (flood plains, wetlands, land near airports)

DISPOSAL OF SW
3.ASSESSMENT
PUBLIC SHOULD BE INFORMED REGARDING THE POSSIBILITY OF LANDFILL IN THEIR AREA AS SOON AS A LIST OF POTENTIAL SITES IS DEVELOPED; LESS SUSPICIOUS & MORE OPEN TO DISCUSSION; PUBLIC CONCERN: ODORS, HEALTH HAZARDS, PROPERTY VALUES, LEACHATE

OF PUBLIC REACTION

DISPOSAL OF SW
4. AREA REQUIREMENTS IN SELECTING
POTENTIAL SITS, IT IS NECESSARY TO ENSURE THAT SUFFICIENT LAND AREA IS AVAILABLE; SITE SIZE BASED ON QUANTITY OF SW TO BE DISPOSED IN PROPOSED LANDFILL DURING ITS LIFETIME; ADDITIONAL LAND IS REQUIRED FOR BUFFER ZONE, ACCESS ROADS, OFFICE & SERVICE BUILINGS & UTILITIES REACTORS RANGING ~ 1.25 FOR AREA METHOD & 2.0 FOR TRENCH METHOD

DISPOSAL OF SW
SITE SUITABILITIY

SOIL PROPERTIES TYPES & QUANTITIES OF

SOIL AVAILABLE ARE SIGNIFICANT FACTORS IN THE COST OF OPERATING A LANDFILL; SOILS ARE NEEDED AS A COVER & AS A MOISTURE BARRIER IN LANDFILL BOTTOM; ALSO ABLE TO SUPPORT EQUIPMENT USED TO TRANSPORT & PLACE THE SW, & ON COMPLETION OF A LANDFILL, A SOIL CAPABLE OF SUPPORTING A GOOD VEGETATIVE COVER IS PROVIDED; SUCH PROPERTIES INCLUDE PERMEABILITY, SWELLINGS & CRACKING, SUPPORT OF VEGETATION

DISPOSAL OF SW
PERMEABILITY FUNCTION OF PARTICLE SIZE &
DISTRIBUTION; LOW PERMEABILITY WILL PREVENT PASSAGE OF WATER INTO LANDFILL & LOSS OF LEACHATE FOM IT; EFFECTIVE PURPOSE - TIGHT CLAY SWELLING WHEN WET & CRACKING WHEN DRY

SWELLING & CRACKING CERTAIN ARE PRONE TO SUPPORT OF VEGETATION WHEN LANDFILL IS
COMPLETED, A FINAL COVER OF SOIL IS PLACED; MUST SUPPORT GOOD VEGETATION TO PROTECT AGAINST EROSION & TO DISSIPATE THE WATER THAT MAY INFILTRATE INTO TOP LAYERS OF COVER

DISPOSAL OF SW
HYDROGEOLOGICAL PROPERTIES OBJECTIVE IS TO REDUCE THE POSSIBILITY OF GROUNDWATER CONTAMINATION BY LEACHATE FROM THE FILL; TO PREDICT THE FATE OF LECHATE THAT LEAVES A LANDFILL SITE & ITS POTENTIAL FOR CONTAMINATING GROUNDWATER UNDERSTANDING HOW WATER FLOWS THROUGH
SUBSURFACE MATERIALS IS NECESSARY

DISPOSAL OF SW
LANDFILLING TECHNIQUES VARIOUS
TITLES ARE USED TO DESCRIBE LANDFILLING, BUT ONLY 2 BASIC TECHNIQUES ARE INVOLVED SURFACE, COMPACTED, & THEN COVERED WITH A LAYER OF COMPACTED SOIL AT THE END OF THE WORKING DAY; THIS METHOD IS SUITABLE FOR MOST TERRAIN COMPACTED IN AN EXCAVATED TRENCH THAT MAY BE 10 15 FT DEEP

AREA METHOD SW IS DEPOSITED ON THE

TRENCH METHOD SW IS SPREADED & THEN

DISPOSAL OF SW
LANDFILL COVER DESIGN WATER
INFILTRATING THE LANDFILL COVER PICKS UP SOLUBLE CONTAMINANTS DURING ITS PASSAGE THROUGH SW; THID LIQUID (i.e. leachate) IS A POTENTIAL GROUNDWATER CONTAMINANT; THEREFORE, ONE IMPORTANT DESIGN CONSIDERATION IS TO MINIMIZE LEACHATE PRODUCTION DURING THE OPERATION OF LANDFILL & AFTER ITS CLOSURE

DISPOSAL OF SW
SURFACE VEGETATIVE LAYER COMPLETED
LANDFILL SITES ARE NOW BEING DEVELOPED AS PARKS, GOLF COURSES, & BICYCLE PATHS; AS A RESULT, EFFECTIVE VEGETATIVE GROWTH MUST BE ESTABLISHED & MAINTAINED ON THE SURFACE LAYER; THIS GROWTH HELPS TO MAINTAIN THE WATER BALANCE & TOPROTECT THE SURFACE COVER; ALSO HELPS TO PREVENT EROSION & ENCOURAGES EVAPOTRANSPIRATION

DISPOSAL OF SW
FILTER LAYER PROTECTS THE OVERLYING
COVER SOIL; SOIL IS SELECTED FOR ITS PARTICLE SIZE GRADATION & GEOTEXTILE FIBER MAY ALSO BE USED; INTENT IS TO PREVENT DOWNWARD MOVEMENT OF THE SOIL PARTICLES FROM VEGETATIVE LAYER INTO DRAINAGE LAYER, BUT AT THE SAME TIME, ALLOW PASSAGE OF INFILTRATING WATER; MOVEMENT OF SOIL PARTICLES MAY CUSE PLUGGING OF DRAINAGE LAYER AND/OR GAS COLLECTION IN GRAVEL LAYER

DISPOSAL OF SW
DRAINAGE LAYER REMOVES WATER THAT
INFLTRATES THE TOP LAYER OF THE COVER; THIS FUNCTION TAKES ON ADDED IMPORTANCE IN AREAS OF HIGH PRECIPITATION & LOW EVAPOTRANSPIRATION; PERMEABLE DRAINAGE LAYER, SLOPED TO A DRAIN LINE TO REMOVE LIQUID; SUITABLE COARSE UNIFORM SAND OR GRAVEL (LESSENS CONTACT TIME OF LEACHATE WITH WATE BY CONDUCTING PERCOLATION AWAY FROM THE WASTE)

DISPOSAL OF SW
HYDRAULIC LAYER MINIMIZES THE
INFILTRATION THAT REACHES THE SW; PREFERRED MATERIAL TIGHT CLAY, SYNTHETIC CLAY LINER, OR SYNTHETC MEMBRANE

FOUNDATION LAYER SEPARATES GEOMEMBRANE

(i.e. hydraulic barrier) FROM THE SW & PROTETS THE GEOMEMBRANE FROM DAMAGE; CAN BE BUILT FROMLOCAL SOILS W/O STONES OR OBJECTS THAT MAY DAMAGE THE MEMBRANE

DISPOSAL OF SW
LANDFILL LINERS A BARRIER TO INTERCEPT
LEACHATE & DIRECT IT TO A LEACHATE COLLECTION SYSTEM

MOISTURE IN LANDFILLS LEACHATE IS

GENERATED BY PERCOLATION OF WATER OR SOME OTHER LIQUID THROUGH ANY WASTE & THE SQUEEZING OF THAT WASTE BY SELF-WEIGHT; QUANTITY OF LECHATE GENERATED DURING ACTIVE OF A LANDFILL & AFTER ITS CLOSURE IS IMPORTANT IN MANAGING A LANDFILL

DISPOSAL OF SW
ESTIMATION OF LEACHATE GENERATION RATES DESIGN OF LEACHATE COLLECTION,
TREATMENT, & DISPOSAL SYSTEMS SHOULD CONSIDER THE ESTIMATED LEACHATE GENERATION; TYPICAL METHODS USED: HELP COMPUTER MODEL & WASTER BALANCE METHOD SCHEDULE, PLAN, & METHODOLOGY RESULT IN PUBLIC HEALTH & SAFETY, MINIMIZED OPERATING COSTS & MINIMIZED LEACHATE PRODUCTION

LANDFILL OPERATION A GOOD OPERATING

 SITE OPERATIONS SEVERAL TYPICAL

PROBLEMS

DISPOSAL OF SW

LITTER CAN BE A PROBLEM DURING HIGH WINDS & A SOURCE OF COMPLAINTS FROM RESIDENCE CLOSE TO LANDFILL GASES, & LEACHATE

ODOR RESULT FROM ORGANIC WASTES,LANDFILL

NOISE CAN CAUSE PSYCHOLOGICAL PROBLEMS &

LOSS OF HEARING IN WORKERS

DUST CAUSE ALLERGIC REACTIONS & NUISANCE

CONDITIONS FOR WORKERS & NEARBY RESIDENTS FOR SPREADING DISEASE, BUT CAN BE CONTROLLED BY COVERING SW

INSECTS & RODENTS NUISNCE & HAVE POTNTIAL

DISPOSAL OF SW
ON-SITE OPERATION FACILITIES
FENCES & SIGNS FENCES SHOULD BE BUILT AROUND THE LANDFILL TO LIMIT ACCESS BY PEOPLE &ANIMALS; SIGNS & NOTICES SHOULD BE POSTED AT VARIOUS LOCATIONS FOR SAFETY & BETTER SITE OPERATION HAVE A PUBLIC DROP-OFF AREA FOR REYCLABLE ITEMS; THIS AREA MAY ALSO BE COMBINED WITH A TRANSFER STATION; THE DROP-OFF FACILITY SHOULD BE SO DESIGNED & LOCATED SO THAT ITEMS CAN BE DROPPED OFF & TRANSFERRED FROM SMALL VEHICLES TO LARGE VEHICLES

PUBLIC DROP-OFF AREA SOME LANDFILL SITES MAY

ENVIRONMENTAL EFFECTS & PUBLIC HEALTH ASPECTS

SOURCES OF DISEASE UNDER WARM, MOIS
CONDITIONS, MOST ORGANIC OR FOOD WASTES BECOME A HAVEN FOR DISEASE-CAUSING ORGANISM COMPONENTS CAN ALSO BE A SOURCE OF OTHER HEALTH & ENVIRONEMNTAL HAZARDS

PHYSICAL & CHEMICAL HAZARDS CERTAIN SW DISEASE & OTHER HAZARD PREVENTION

INVOLVES CLEANLINESS, GOOD HOUSEKEEPING, & APPLICATION OF RECOMMENDED SANITARY CONTROL MEASURES (ELIMINATION OF FOOD, MOSITURE, & WARMTH)

ENVIRONMENTAL EFFECTS & PUBLIC HEALTH ASPECTS

TRANSFER, PROCESSING, RECOVERY, & DISPOSAL
FACILITIES 2 TYPES OF PUBLIC HEALTH & SAFETY ISSUES ARE INVOLVED IN THE DESIGN & OPERATION OF SW FACILITIES: 1) HEALTH & SAFETY OF GENRAL PUBLIC, 2) HEALTH & SAFETY OF WORKERS AT THOSE FACILITES
WASTE ORGANICS INTO USEFUL SOIL CONDITIONER; PUBLIC HEALTH ISSU INVOLVED POTENTIAL FOR PATHOGENIC ORGANISMS TO SURVIVE THE PROCESS

COMPOSTING PROCESS OF CONVERTING MOST

ENVIRONMENTAL EFFECTS & PUBLIC HEALTH ASPECTS

AIR POLLUTION & WATER POLLUTION FROM
SWM

PRODUCTION OF CH4 GAS BY MICROORGANISMS

THAT DECOMPOSE ORGANIC MATERIAL ANAEROBICALLY; MAY SEEP THRU TRASH & ACCUMULATE IN UNDERGROUND POCKETS, & IF NOT PROPERLY VENTED, CAN BE A POTENTIAL FOR EXPLOSION OPERATED LANDFILL

WATER POLLTION FOM IMPROPERLY DESIGNED &

ENVIRONMENTAL EFFECTS & PUBLIC HEALTH ASPECTS

INCINERATORS PRODUCE LARGE QUANTITIES OF
ASH, WHICH CURRENTLY DISPOSED OF INSPECIAL SANITARY LANDFILLS OR HAZARDOUS WSSTE SITES; ASH CONTAINS TOXIC MATERIALS, INC. HEAVY METALS & DIOXIN ATMOSPHERE THRU ODORS FROM DECAYING GARBAGE, SMOKE & FUMES FROM FIRES AT THE SITE, OR THE PRODUCTS OF OPEN BURNING IGNITABLE WASTES CAN BE MINIMIZED THRU CAREFUL SEPARATION & THEIR DISPOSAL AS HAZARDOUS WASTE

IMPROPER DISPOSAL OF SW CAN POLLUTE

OTHER HAZARDS TOXIC, EXPLOSIVE, &

ASSIGNMENT
SOLID WASTE MANAGEMENT IN MALAYSIA DISCUSS THE CRITERIA, PROBLEMS OCCURRED AND POTENTIAL SOLUTIONS.

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