Introduction To Cartography

Introduction to Cartography
H. Shamaoma SBE Dept of Urban and Regional Planning
ES230: Land Surveying
Definitions
Cartography Art, Science, and Technology of making maps and how to use them. By maps we mean all types of maps
Plans, Charts, 3D models, Web maps, globes, animated maps virtual worlds etc at any scale
Map
Reduced simplified representation of part (or all )of the earth showing relative size and position of features to some given scale and projection
Why maps?
Graphics are international Cartographic language is universal
EXIT
Why use maps?

Graphics
A
are holistic:
picture says more than a thousand words
First road left, then cross the railway, and continue until you
cross the river, then

the first right, and right again on the crossroads
Main characteristics of maps

Maps
provides answers(in graphic form) to questions relating to basic components of geographic data:
Geographical Thematic time
location
attributes
Why use maps?
Where do most people leave ?
When ?
When did the largest expansion of the city occur?
1860
1916
1963
1978
1984
1994
What?
What is the land use type?
Residential area Sport facilities Govt buildings Other roads Main road
Main characteristics of the maps

Maps
offer abstract representation of (models) of reality, that are:

Simplified Classified Symbolised
Main characteristics of the maps
Reality
Abstract/model
Map types
Two important map types exists
Topographic maps Large to medium scale maps that contain all topographic features (e.g. property boundaries, water, utilities, built-up areas, vegetation, contours, etc.)
Main topographic maps produced by Survey Department

1 : 1 500 000 covering whole country
1 : 750 000 4 sheets 1 : 250 000 60 sheets 1 : 100 000 71 sheets Western and part of Luapula 1 : 50 000 835 sheets rest of the country
Topographic map
Topographic map key
Topographic map information
Sheet history
Thematic map

shows a special theme on a suitable topographic base

Data derived from mapping, observation and statistical compilation Various themes are available
e.g. Agriculture, soil, land use, population etc
Thematic map
Map features

Projection Reduction
Generalisation
Enhancement Explanation
Projection
Earth is a sphere, for us to map on a flat medium we need to transform and project it on a plane
Projection on the cylinder Plane map since the cylinder is cut and rolled open
H. Shamaoma SBE Dept of Urban and Regional Planning ES230: Land Surveying
Reduction
It
is impossible to map every feature from reality on a small scale
The
amount of information has to be reduced to fit on limited space

varies depending on purpose of map
This
e.g.
for a forest map, instead of mapping individual trees only forest boundaries are mapped
Generalisation
Enhancement
Some
e.g
features have to be enhanced to make them more visible

a highway drawn with 2 mm width on 1 : 50 000 map which corresponds to 100 m on the ground 2 m wide stream drawn with 1 mm width on the 1 : 50 000 map, which corresponds to 50 m on the ground
Explanation
Information
added on the map by putting text, symbols to give more explanation
Communication in Cartography
MAP DESIGNER
MAP
MAP USER
CARTOGRAPHIC LANGUAGE
To understand a map, map users must be able to read cartographic language (symbols)
Communication in Cartography
MAP FACE INFORMATION
MAP LEGEND
ORIENTATION INTERPRETATION MEASURING MAP READING EDUCATION OTHER MAP USE ACTIVITIES
Information on map sheet used with map legend for special purposes
Digital cartography

Shift from the drawing table to the computer Maps stored in digital form using codes, and coordinates on the computer and digital media such as CDs and DVDs.
Information flow
Data Manipulation Output
Data - input
Digitizing Ditizers Scanners
Database
Plotters CD Web
Digital vs analogue Maps
Analogue Fixed scale Manual takes long to produce Fixed sheet boundary Fixed production system Difficult to edit once produced Requires huge storage room Limited storage medium Easy to read Limited publishing media Difficult to combine with other data
Digital Can be changed anytime Quicker to produce seamless Can be printed on demand Easy to edit Easy to store Various storage media Requires computer knowledge Can be published on various media Can be overlayed with other data
Web Cartography
New way of geodata dissemination

On CD-ROM On the World Wide Web
WWW information is virtually platform independent

Unrivalled in its capacity to reach many users at minimum cost Easy to update quickly Initiates the use of new types of maps Allows for dynamic and interactive dissemination of spatial data
Part2
What makes a map measurable?
Cartographic enhancements
Maps
require cartographic enhancements to make them better!

Readable Measurable understandable
Make a map measurable

Show
information about:
(both numeric and graphic scale)
Scale
Orientation
Coordinate
Height
system
information
Graphical and numerical scale
Map scale
Map scale = Map distance : Ground distance MAP
Map distance
GROUND Ground distance

Orientation
Bearings Map
on the map
should always give orientation arrow
North
/
Coordinate system
Coordinate
Show
system
geographical coordinates latitude, longitude(,) coordinates (E, N)
Projected Show
grid in mapped area
Network of lines showing constant rectangular coordinates Allows for detailed calculation and positioning on the map Used on large to medium scale maps
Coordinate system
Height information
Contours Spot
heights
Cartographic enhancements
Maps
require cartographic enhancements to make them better!

Readable Measurable understandable
Make a map measurable

Show
in the margins:
(both numeric and graphic scale)
Scale
Orientation
Coordinate
Height
system
information
Graphical and numerical scale
Map scale
Map scale = Map distance : Ground distance MAP
Map distance
GROUND Ground distance

Orientation
Bearings Map
on the map
should always give orientation arrow
North
/
Coordinate system
Coordinate
Show
system
geographical coordinates latitude, longitude(,) coordinates (E, N)
Projected Show
grid in mapped area
Network of lines showing constant rectangular coordinates Allows for detailed calculation and positioning on the map Used on large to medium scale maps
Coordinate system
Height information
Contours Spot
heights

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Introduction to Cartography

H. Shamaoma SBE Dept of Urban and Regional Planning

ES230: Land Surveying

H. Shamaoma SBE Dept of Urban and Regional Planning

ES230: Land Surveying

Graphics are international Cartographic language is universal

H. Shamaoma SBE Dept of Urban and Regional Planning

ES230: Land Surveying

Why use maps?

picture says more than a thousand words

cross the river, then

H. Shamaoma SBE Dept of Urban and Regional Planning

ES230: Land Surveying

Main characteristics of maps

H. Shamaoma SBE Dept of Urban and Regional Planning

ES230: Land Surveying

Why use maps?

Where do most people leave ?

H. Shamaoma SBE Dept of Urban and Regional Planning

ES230: Land Surveying

H. Shamaoma SBE Dept of Urban and Regional Planning

ES230: Land Surveying

Main characteristics of the maps

offer abstract representation of (models) of reality, that are:

H. Shamaoma SBE Dept of Urban and Regional Planning

ES230: Land Surveying

Main characteristics of the maps

H. Shamaoma SBE Dept of Urban and Regional Planning

ES230: Land Surveying

Two important map types exists

Main topographic maps produced by Survey Department

H. Shamaoma SBE Dept of Urban and Regional Planning

ES230: Land Surveying

H. Shamaoma SBE Dept of Urban and Regional Planning

ES230: Land Surveying

H. Shamaoma SBE Dept of Urban and Regional Planning

ES230: Land Surveying

Topographic map key

H. Shamaoma SBE Dept of Urban and Regional Planning

ES230: Land Surveying

Topographic map information

H. Shamaoma SBE Dept of Urban and Regional Planning

ES230: Land Surveying

H. Shamaoma SBE Dept of Urban and Regional Planning

ES230: Land Surveying

shows a special theme on a suitable topographic base

e.g. Agriculture, soil, land use, population etc

H. Shamaoma SBE Dept of Urban and Regional Planning

ES230: Land Surveying

H. Shamaoma SBE Dept of Urban and Regional Planning

ES230: Land Surveying

H. Shamaoma SBE Dept of Urban and Regional Planning

ES230: Land Surveying

is impossible to map every feature from reality on a small scale

amount of information has to be reduced to fit on limited space

H. Shamaoma SBE Dept of Urban and Regional Planning

ES230: Land Surveying

H. Shamaoma SBE Dept of Urban and Regional Planning

ES230: Land Surveying

features have to be enhanced to make them more visible

added on the map by putting text, symbols to give more explanation

H. Shamaoma SBE Dept of Urban and Regional Planning

ES230: Land Surveying