SEMINAR ON TOKAMAK

Submitted By: SANDEEP KUMAR

Tokamak: A toroidal device for producing controlled nuclear fusion that involves the confining and heating of a gaseous plasma by means of an electric current and magnetic field. Plasma: It is one of the four fundamental state of matter. It comprises the major component of the Sun. Heating a gas may ionize its molecules or atoms (reducing or increasing the number of electrons in them), thus turning it into a plasma, which contains charged particles: positive ions and negative electrons or ions.

Fusion
Deuterium + Tritium He4 (3.52 MeV) + n (14.06 MeV)

For D-T reaction:

Large cross section Energy released high

Why is fusion power attractive? Fuel is widely available Reaction is relatively clean Low cost

Magnetic Confinement: Tokamak

Plasma

here fields. The magnetic fields in a tokamak are produced by a combination of currents flowing in external coils and currents flowing within the plasma itself

is by

confined magnetic

TOROIDAL & POLOIDAL FIELDS

Positively

and negatively charged ions and negatively charged electrons in a fusion plasma are at very high temperatures, and have correspondingly large velocities. In order to maintain the fusion process, particles from the hot plasma must be confined in the central region, or the plasma will rapidly cool. Magnetic confinement fusion devices exploit the fact that charged particles in a magnetic field experience a force and follow helical paths along the field lines

Generation of power using Tokamak

The heat generated by

the plasma will continue as long as the tokamak holds the plasma state. Now if the continous fuel (D-T) is given to the tokamak the heat will continous to generate which can be used to generate steam.

Problems in Confinement of Plasma

Plasma Instabilities Impurities

Experimental Tokamaks: Currently in Operation

T-10, in Kurchatov Institute, Moscow, Russia (formerly Soviet Union); 2 MW; 1975 TEXTOR, in Jlich, Germany; 1978 Joint European Torus (JET), in Culham, United Kingdom; 16 MW; 1983 CASTOR in Prague, Czech Republic; 1983 after reconstruction from Soviet TM-1-MH JT-60, in Naka, Ibaraki Prefecture, Japan; 1985 STOR-M, University of Saskatchewan; Canada 1987; first demonstration of alternating current in a tokamak. Tore Supra, at the CEA, Cadarache, France; 1988

Aditya, at Institute for Plasma Research (IPR) in Gujarat, India; 1989

DIII-D,[4] in San Diego, USA; operated by General Atomics since the late 1980s FTU, in Frascati, Italy; 1990 ASDEX Upgrade, in Garching, Germany; 1991 Alcator C-Mod, MIT, Cambridge, USA; 1992 Tokamak configuration variable (TCV), at the EPFL, Switzerland; 1992 TCABR, at the University of Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, Brazil; this tokamak was transferred from Centre des Recherches en Physique des Plasmas in Switzerland; 1994. HT-7, in Hefei, China; 1995 MAST, in Culham, United Kingdom; 1999 UCLA Electric Tokamak, in Los Angeles, United States; 1999 EAST (HT-7U), in Hefei, China; 2006

Indian Tokamaks
SINP
Major Radius R0(m) Minor Radius a (m) Toroidal Field BT (T) 2.00 Plasma Current Ip (kA) Pulse Duration (s) Plasma Cross-section Elongation Triangularity Configuration Coils Type (TF & PF) Current Drive & Heating Vacuum vessel without Design & Fabrication Indigenous Installation 0.30 0.045-0.075 1.50 75 0.02-0.03 Circular ------Poloidal
Limiter

ADITYA
0.75 0.25

SST-1
1.1 0.2

3.0
250 0.25 Circular --------Poloidal
Limiter

220 1000 Elongated 1.7-2.0 0.4-0.7

Double/single Null Poloidal Divertor

Copper

Copper Superconducting Water Cooled 4.5K ----Ohmic Transformer-----Ohmic/LHCD (Iron Core) (Air Core) (Air Core) Conducting Vessel with Vessel Shell (Al) Electrical break Break M/S Toshiba Indigenous

1987

1989

2006

Experimental Tokamaks: Planned

KSTAR, in Daejon, South Korea; start of operation expected in 2008
ITER, in Cadarache, France; 500 MW; start of operation expected in 2016

SST-1, in Institute for Plasma Research Gandhinagar, India;

1000 seconds operation; currently being assembled

Participants European Union (EU), India, Japan, People's Republic of China, Russia, South Korea, and USA

THANK YOU