Teaching the Elements of Language A.

SOUNDS (Phonology)
Aileen Pacayra
Page 1

Page 2

is "the study of sound pertaining to the system of language. is "the study of sound pertaining to the act of speech." (Ni olai !ru"et# oy $in$Grundzge der Phonologie$) !he %ays in %hich languages use sounds or signs to construct meaning are studied in$phonology. !he study of ho% humans produce and percei&e &ocal sounds is called$phonetics. ('i ipedia)

Page 3

Page 4

Page 5

Page 6

!he (amily of )onsonant Sounds )onsonant sounds can "e classified

according to three dimensions* +.&oicing (&oiceless or &oiced) ,.the place of articulation(%here the sound is made) -.the manner of articulation (ho% the sound is made)
Page 7

Voicing
A sound is voiced if the vocal chords vibrate, whereas a sound is voiceless if the vocal cords are not vibrating upon the production of sounds.
Page 8

1. Bilabial- two lips touching each other 2. Labio dental- lower lip touches the upper teeth 3. Dental- tip of the tongue and the inner edge of the upper teeth 4. Alveolar- tip of the tongue and hard palate
Page 9

Place or Point of Articulation

5. Palatal- the tongue and hard palate 6. Velar- dorsal tongue and soft palate 7. Glottal- throat passage

Page 10

Page 11

1. Stops/Plosives- These are the sounds produced when the air stream is blocked completely before it is abruptly released. The sounds P,T,K, ,!,", are the members of this family. 2. Fricatives- These are the sounds produced when the air stream is compressed and passes through a small opening creating friction. The sounds
Page 12

Manner of Articulation

#,$,%,&,T' ()oiced* and ()oiceless*, %', &' are members of this group. +. Affricates- These are the sounds produced when a plosi)e is followed by a fricati)e. ,' and - are the members of this group .. Nasals- These are the sounds produced when the oral ca)ity is blocked, and so the air passes through the nose. /, 0 and /" are nasal sounds.

Page 13

5. Liquid/Lateral- %ounds are produced when air stream mo)es around the tongue in an obstructed manner. %ounds like 1 and 2 are e3amples. 6. Glides- %ounds that are close to )owel sounds. %ounds like 4 and 5.

Page 14

Page 15

Vowel
$owel sounds are produced with one6s mouth open. 7t is also a fact that all )owel sounds are )oiced sounds. $owel sounds can be classified according to the height of the tongue and 8aw, and the way the mouth opens.
Page 16

 FRONT/CENTRAL/BACK9 These three refers to the position of the tongue from front to back of the mouth during the production of the sound. HIGH/MID/LO ! This designation refers to whether the lips are rounded (: shape* or spread (no rounding* when the sound is being made.
Page 17

What You Need to Know for Vowels

;TEN"E #"$ LA%9 <lso important in describing )owel sounds are the designations T=/%= and 1<>, which refer to the relati)e tenseness of the )ocal muscles.

Page 18

Page 19

; 7n order to represent the sounds of the world?s languages in writing, linguists ha)e de)eloped the 7nternational Phonetic <lphabet, designed to represent all of the discrete sounds that are known to contribute to meaning in human languages.

International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)

Page 20

$oiced ,onsonant %ounds 7P< symbol /b/ /d/ // /g/ /z/ / / /d / /v/ /m/ /n/ %ound b d th g @ @h 8 ) m n
Page 21

7P< symbol // /l/ /r/ /w/ /j/

%ound ng l r w y

$oiceless ,onsonant %ounds

7P< symbol /s/ / / // /f/ / / /! / /"/ /!/ /#/

%ound s sh th f h ch k t p
Page 22

%hort $owels 7P< symbol %ound short i eh ae ah ohABaweB uh

s!ressed s&llable

%chwa %ounds 7P< symbol /$/ / / %ound

%ns!ressed s&llable

/I/ /3/ A'/ / / / / / / / /

er

Page 23

1ong $owel %ounds 7P< symbol AiA AuA %ound long i ooh

!iphthongs 7P< symbol Aa / Aa/ / / Ao / Ae/ %ound aw ay oy ow ey

Page 24

Activities

Page 25

Page 26

Consonan IPA t sound s sh th th ch zh j ng y t

Voicing

Place of Articulati on

Manner of Articulati on

Page 27

Consonan IPA t sound s sh th th ch zh j ng y t s t d j t

Voicing

Place of Articulati on Alveolar Palatal Dental Dental Palatal Palatal Palatal Velar Palatal Alveolar

Manner of Articulati on Fricative Fricative Fricative Fricative affricative Fricative Affricative Nasal Glides Stops
Page 28

Voiceless Voiceless Voiceless Voiced Voiceless Voiced Voiced Voiced Voiced Voiceless

Vowel Sound

IPA

Placement of the tongue from roof to floor of the mouth

Position of "enseness the tongue of the #ocal from front to muscles ac! of the mouth

$i% rounding

&'short e ('eh )'aah *'ah +'oh ,'ey -'#oiced schwa .'un#oiced schwa /'long e &0'ooh

Page 29

Vowel Sound

IPA

Placement of the tongue from roof to floor of the mouth I 1 e High Mid Lo Lo Mid Mid Mid $ i u Mid High High

Position of "enseness the tongue of the #ocal from front to muscles ac! of the mouth Front Front Front !ac" !ac" Front %entral %entral Front !ac" Lax Lax Lax Lax Lax $ense Lax Lax $ense $ense

$i% rounding

&'short e ('eh )'aah *'ah +'oh ,'ey -'#oiced schwa .'un#oiced schwa /'long e &0'ooh

Unrounded Unrounded Unrounded Unrounded #ounded Unrounded #ounded #ounded Unrounded #ounded

Page 30

Page 31