Nanram Narine 10/0933/2527 Andy Mahadeo 11/0933/0250 Bishan Dalip 10/0933/2618 Tejwattie Roopchand 11/0933/0871

Outline of Presentation

Objective Definition of Key Terms Introduction Sampling Reasons for Sampling Forms of Sampling Random Sampling and Sampling Methods Other Sampling Methods Errors of Sampling Reasons for Sampling Errors Summary Conclusion References

Objective
To ensure that on completion of the lecture students are able to: Identify or recognize the types of random sampling methods

Apply the different methods to any given situation

Definition of Key Terms

Population (N) the total set of observations to be made or the larger set of objects to be studied.
Sample (n) In statistics, a sample is a subset of a population that is used to represent the entire group as a whole.

Cluster A set of units grouped together on the basis of some well-defined criteria. Statistic a measurable characteristic of a sample, such as a mean or standard deviation. Random Number a number determined totally by chance, with no predictable relationship to any other number

Sampling Unit This is that element or set of elements considered for selection in some stage of sampling. Sampling Frame the set of sampling units from which the sample will be drawn i.e. the list of all the sampling units from which the sample is drawn.
Random Error - are errors that are unpredictable in an estimate. These errors tend to cancel out in a large sample Systematic errors are errors that keep adding up due to some aspect of the experiment that can be controlled by the experimentors.

Introduction
In conducting a research, it is important that a sample of subjects:

Can be studied at an acceptable cost in time and money Is large enough to control random error in generalizing the study findings to the population Is representative enough to reveal systematic error in these inferences.

Sampling

Sampling is the process of selecting units

(e.g., people, organizations) from a

population of interest so that by studying the

sample we may fairly generalize our results

back to the population from which they were

chosen.

Reasons for Sampling

Sampling is done to obtain information from large populations with:

Reduced field time

Reduced costs Increased accuracy with enhanced methods

Reasons for Sampling

Sampling error could be estimated

Sometimes studying the whole population is impossible

Application of Sampling
There are two Applications of sampling:

Probability sampling is a sampling technique wherein the samples are gathered in a process that gives all the individuals in the population equal chances of being selected.

Non-probability sampling is a sampling technique where the samples are gathered in a process that does not give all the individuals in the population equal chances of being selected.

Random Sampling and Sampling Methods

Random sampling is a sampling technique where we select a group of subjects (a sample) for study from a larger group (a population). Each individual is chosen entirely by chance and each member of the population has a known, but possibly nonequal, chance of being included in the sample.

Random Sampling Methods

Probability
Simple

Non- Probability

Random Sampling

Quota Sampling Convenience sampling

Stratified Cluster

Random Sampling

Sampling

Systematic Multi-Stage

Sampling
Sampling

Simple Random Sampling

Simple Random Sampling can be defined as an sampling method that gives each member of the population an equal chance to be chosen.
The population consists of N objects

The sample consists of n objects

All possible samples of n objects are equally likely

to occur

Simple Random Sampling Contd

The lottery and the random number table are techniques that are used in this method. Simple Random Sampling is more ideal for statistical purposes since it is hard to achieved practically, it would required an accurate list of the population and expensive since the samples would have to be scattered over a wide area.

Simple Random Sampling Contd

A Random Numbers Table

Simple Random Sampling Contd

Table 1: Correct Method of Using A Random Numbers Table

Table 2: Incorrect Method of Using A Random Numbers Table

Types of Simple Random Sampling

There are two (2) types of Simple Random Sampling:

Replacement Sampling a sample unit is selected and then replaced before the next sample is selected. As such this item can be selected more than once.
Non-replacement Sampling the sample unit is not replaced after it has been selected.

Procedure for Simple Random Sampling

Determine sample size, n. Select sample units either by the lottery method or the table of random numbers.

Determine the type of simple random sampling.

Calculate the probability

Example Replacement Sampling

Considering a number of potatoes either with 12,13,14,15,16,17 or 18 potatoes. In this population there is exactly one sack with each number. As such the whole population is seven sacks
The first sack is selected and replaced. (Sack 14) The probability, P1, of randomly selecting the sack 14 is 1/7.

Example Replacement Sampling Contd

When the sack is replaced to the sampling frame and another sack is drawn The probability P2 of selecting the second sack ( say sack 17) will also be 1/7 since the number of sacks in the sampling frame is 7 due the first sack which was selected and replaced.
P1=P2.

Example Non-Replacement Sampling

In non-replacement sampling, each sack will not be returned to the sampling unit. Therefore, P1 = 1/7 Hence, the second sack will have a probability P2 = 1/6 and P1 is not equal to P2

Simple Random Sampling Summary

Two types Replacement Sampling and NonReplacement Sampling.

Probability calculation: Replacement: Non-Replacement: Where Pr = Pr =

Pr is the probability for a given turn n is the sample number r is the turn number

Stratified Random Sampling

Stratified Random Sampling can be considered wherein the entire population is divided into different subgroups or strata, then randomly select the final subject proportionally from the different strata. The population consists of N elements The population is divided into H groups, called strata Each element of the population can be assigned to one, and only one, stratum.

Stratified Random Sampling Contd

Within each strata, a probability sample is selected (often a simple random sample).

The ratio of each stratum sample size to the total sample size must be the same as that of its stratum size to the population size.

Example Stratified Random Sampling

The Public Relations Department of the GPL would like to survey its customers to obtain the opinions of the residents on the metering service being provided.
It is decided that 100 residents from the ten (10) areas in Georgetown will be interviewed, of which 6 would have the regular meters and 4 would have the pre paid meters.

Example Stratified Random Sampling

The PR Officer must first calculate the numbers of residents of each type of area he should interview. Therefore, the selection process is as follows:

Residents of the with the regular meters: 6 x 100 = 60 10 Residents of the area with the pre paid meters: 4 x 100 = 40 10

Advantages of Stratified Random Sampling

Provides greater precision It requires a smaller sample, which saves money Guards against an unrepresentative sample. Can support a separate analysis of any subgroup.

Disadvantage of Stratified Random Sampling

It may require more administrative effort than a simple random sample.

Cluster Sampling
The process of randomly selecting intact groups, not individuals, within the defined population sharing similar characteristics Each element of the population can be assigned to one, and only one, cluster. The population is divided into N groups, called clusters. The researcher randomly selects n clusters to include in the sample.

Example of Cluster Sampling

Suppose that the Ministry of Agriculture wishes to investigate the use of pesticides by farmers in Guyana. A cluster sample could be taken by identifying the different regions in Guyana as clusters. A sample of these regions (clusters) would then be chosen at random, so all farmers in those region selected would be included in the sample.

Example of Cluster Sampling Contd

It can be seen here then that it is easier to visit several farmers in the same region than it is to travel to each farm in a random sample to observe the use of pesticides.

Advantages of Cluster Sampling

Efficient

Saving of travelling time, and consequent reduction in cost Instead of having a sample scattered over the entire coverage area, the sample is more localized in relatively few clusters

Disadvantage of Cluster Sampling

Fewer sampling points make it less like that the sample is representative

Systematic Sampling
This method is appropriate for very large populations Gives an evenly spread across the population. The population is listed/arranged according to some ordering scheme and then selecting elements at regular intervals through that ordered list.

Systematic Sampling

This involves a random start and then proceeds with the selection of every nth (interval) element from then onwards.

Systematic Sampling Contd

k = N/n = the interval size N- the population n- the number of samples It is important that the starting point may not always be the 1st sample between the first and the nth element on the list.

Example Systematic Sampling

Let's assume that we have a population that only has N=100 people in it and that you want to take a sample of n=20. To use systematic sampling, the population must be listed in a random order.

Example of Systematic Sampling

The sampling interval (k) would be:

k = N/n = the interval size k = 100/20 = 5

Now, select a random integer from 1 to 5, imagine that you chose 4.

Example Systematic Sampling

Now, to select the sample, start with the 4th unit in the list and take every kth unit (every 5th, because k=5). You would be sampling units 4, 9, 14, 19,.84, 89, 94, 99 and you would wind up with 20 units in your sample.

Systematic Sampling

Advantages of Systematic Sampling

Easy to draw members of the sample

Distributes the sample more evenly over the population

Disadvantages of Systematic Sampling

All members of the population do not have an equal chance of being selected The system may interact with some hidden pattern in the population, e.g. every third house along the street might always be the middle one of a walkway of three

Multi-Stage Sampling

Multi-stage sampling, like cluster sampling, involves selecting a sample within each chosen cluster, rather than including all units in the cluster. It is really a complex form of cluster sampling in which two or more levels of units are imbedded one in the other. It is useful in very large research studies such as nationwide studies. Therefore, multi-stage sampling can have at least two stages.

Procedure in Multi-Stage Sampling

The first stage of multi-stage sampling is the construction of clusters.

The second stage is deciding what desirous elements with in the cluster is being analyze. This selection of characteristics of elements within subsets of subsets is done until the final characteristic is achieved.

Diagram

Example Multi-Stage Sampling Contd

The third stage includes analyzing based on their use e.g. Blocks, Streets etc.
And, fourthly, individual house within the selected houses. This selection can continue until the desirous characteristic is achieved.

Advantages of Multi-stage Sampling

Does not require a complete list of members in the target population

Disadvantages of Multi-stage Sampling

Lower accuracy due to higher sampling error

Non-probability Methods of Sampling:

Quota Sampling Convenience Sampling

Quota Sampling

Quota sampling is widely used in market research where the population is divided into groups in terms of sex, age, income etc. The interviewer is told how many persons to interview within each specific group, but is given no specific instruction about how to locate them. This method is used in street interview surveys.

Convenience Sampling

Convenience sampling: the process of including whoever happens to be available at the time, called accidental or haphazard sampling.
Example:
A group of students in a high school doing a study

about teachers that work part time. They interview teachers at the school, a couple of teachers in the family and few others who are known to their parents.

Errors in Sampling

Sampling error is any type of bias that contributes to mistakes in either drawing a sample or determining the sample size. Sampling Error is the difference between a sample mean (or proportion) and the population mean (or proportion).

Reasons for Sampling Errors

Different samples drawn from the same population can have different properties. When you take a sample from a population, you only have a subset of the population, i.e. a piece of what youre trying to understand.

Summary
Simple Random Sampling Stratified Random Sampling Replacement Sampling Nonreplacement Sampling

Probability Sampling

Cluster Sampling
Systematic Sampling

Sampling

Multi-stage Sampling Quota Sampling Non-probability Sampling Convenience Sampling

Conclusion

It can be concluded from this presentation that sampling methods are very useful in statistical studies and using the appropriation method can give a fairly accurate results on the related study while being both time and cost efficient.

References

http://www.uic.edu/classes/socw/socw560/Sampling1.htm - Assessed on February 11, 2012

Answers.com. Sampling. 2009. Assessed on February 7,2012.

<http://www.answers.com/topic/sampling>. http://www.metagora.org/training/encyclopedia/multi.html - Assessed on February 08, 2012 http://stattrek.com/Lesson6/STR.aspx - Assessed February 7, 2012. http://www.socialresearchmethods.net/tutorial/Mugo/tutorial.htm Assessed February 8, 2012

http://www.coventry.ac.uk/ec/~nhunt/meths/strati.html - Assessed on
February 06, 2012 http://www.coventry.ac.uk/ec/~nhunt/meths/random.html - Assessed on February 05, 2012

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