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Platonic solids, statement of the Three Classical Problems, influential teacher and popularizer of mathematics, insistence on rigorous proof and logical methods
Plato the mathematician is perhaps best known for his identification of 5 regular symmetrical 3-dimensional shapes, which he maintained were the basis for the whole universe, and which have become known as the Platonic Solids: a) tetrahedron (constructed of 4 regular triangles, and which for Plato represented fire) b) octahedron (composed of 8 triangles, representing air) c) icosahedron (composed of 20 triangles, and representing water) d) cube (composed of 6 squares, and representing earth) e)dodecahedron (made up of 12 pentagons, which Plato obscurely described as the god used for arranging the constellations on the whole heaven).
Euclid is often referred to as the Father of Geometry, and he wrote perhaps the most important and successful mathematical textbook of all time, the Stoicheion or Elements, which represents the culmination of the mathematical revolution which had taken place in Greece up to that time
Euclids method for constructing of an equilateral triangle from a given straight line segment AB using only a compass and straight edge was Proposition 1 in Book 1 of the "Elements"
Approximation of the area of circle by Archimedes method of exhaustionApproximation of the area of circle by Archimedes method of exhaustion.
Archimedes produced formulas to calculate the areas of regular shapes, using a revolutionary method of capturing new shapes by using shapes he already understood.
For example, to estimate the area of a circle, he constructed a larger polygon outside the circle and a smaller one inside it. He first enclosed the circle in a triangle, then in a square, pentagon, hexagon, etc, etc, each time approximating the area of the circle more closely. By this so-called method of exhaustion (or simply Archimedes Method), he effectively homed in on a value for one of the most important numbers in all of mathematics, . His estimate was between 317 (approximately 3.1429) and 31071 (approximately 3.1408), which compares well with its actual value of approximately 3.1416.
Archimedes is probably best remembered for the anecdotal story of his discovery of a method for determining the volume of an object with an irregular shape.
This gave rise to what has become known as Archimedes Principle: an object is immersed in a fluid is buoyed up by a force equal to the weight of the fluid displaced by the object.
Persian
The word algorithm is derived from the Latinization of his name, and the word "algebra" is derived from the Latinization of "al-jabr", part of the title of his most famous book, in which he introduced the fundamental algebraic methods and techniques for solving equations
An example of Al-Khwarizmis completing the square method for solving quadratic equations
~He discovered the sequence - the first recursive number sequence known in Europe - while considering a practical problem in the Liber Abaci involving the growth of a hypothetical population of rabbits based on idealized assumptions.
~He noted that, after each monthly generation, the number of pairs of rabbits increased from 1 to 2 to 3 to 5 to 8 to 13, etc, and identified how the sequence progressed by adding the previous two terms (in mathematical terms, Fn = Fn-1 + Fn2), a sequence which could in theory extend indefinitely.
8)Al-Batani
Arab mathematician and astronomer Abu Abdallah Muhammad ibn Jabir al-Battani (868-929) made accurate astronomical observations which allowed him to improve on Ptolemy's data for the Sun and the Moon. He also produced a number of trigonometrical relationships:
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