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Bond: Force that holds groups of two or more atoms together and makes the atoms function as a unit.
Example: H-O-H
Bond Energy: Energy required to break a bond. Ionic Bond: Attractions between oppositely charged ions. Example: Na+ Cl-
Lewis structures
Lewis Structure: Representation of a molecule that shows how the valence electrons are arranged among the atoms in the molecule. Bonding involves the valence electrons of atoms. Example: Na H-H
Write out valence electrons for each atom Connect lone electrons because lone electrons are destabilizing
Check to see if octet rule is satisfied
1.
3.
H2
Duet rule
F2
Octet rule
O2 N2
Lewis structures
Example Write the Lewis Structure for the following molecules: 1) H2O 2) CCl4
1) Where does the carbon go & why?
3) 4) 5)
Polyatomic ions
Example:
Your turn
NH4+ ClOOH-
Resonance structures
When structures can be written in more than one way Actual molecule is in-between
Resonance hybrid O3
Another example
HCO3
Practice
NO2NO3-
Practice
H2O2 H3O+
Aberrant compounds
Odd-electron species
NO NO2
Aberrant compounds
Incomplete octet
BH3
Aberrant compounds
Expanded octet
Some central atoms can exceed an octet
Examples
AsI5 XeF2
Practice
SCl6 XeF4
Practice
Electronegativity
Electronegativity: The relative ability of an atom in a molecule to attract shared electrons to itself.
Example: Fluorine has the highest electronegativity. Similar electronegativities between elements give nonpolar covalent bonds (0.0-0.4) Different electronegativities between elements give polar covalent bonds (0.5-1.9) If the difference between the electronegativities of two elements is about 2.0 or greater, the bond is ionic
Electronegativity
Example For each of the following pairs of bonds, choose the bond that will be more polar. Al-P vs. Al-N C-O vs. C-S
Dipole moment
Dipole Moment A molecule that has a center of positive charge and a center of negative charge Will line up on electric field In Debye units 1 D = 3.34 x 10-30 C m
Examples
Molecular polarity
Net-dipole moment leads to molecular polarity Thus the following two that have netdipole moments are polar:
H2O NH3
Molecular structure
Molecular Structure: or geometric structure refers to the three-dimensional arrangement of the atoms in a molecule. Bond Angle: The angle formed between two bonds in a molecule.
Example
Your turn