DIGESTIVE SYSTEM

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INTRODUCTION

DIGESTIVE SYSTEM Digestive system is a system which involve in digesting or broken down the food and liquid portion that we ate into smaller molecules of nutrients Digestive system is made up of the digestive tract or gastrointestinal tract and accessory digestive organs. Digestive tract : mouth-pharynx-esophagus-stomachsmall intestine-large intestine-rectum and anal canalanus Accessory organs : salivary glands, exocrine glands, liver, pancreas, gallbladder. There are 4 primary layers in digestive system: mucosa, submucosa, muscularis, serosa

MOUTH ( ORAL CAVITY )

Covered by stratified squamous epithelium and mucous membrane Produce saliva and digest food become bolus Oral cavity includes: Lip 3 layer: outer skin layer, middle muscle layer and inner mucosa layer Hard and soft palate Hard lined by keratinized type of stratified squamous epithelium Soft lined by non-keratinized type of http://images.google.com. sg/imgres?imgurl=http://e stratified squamous epithelium mbryology Tongue Covered by non-keratinized type of stratified squamous epithelium Uvula Teeth

PHARYNX

Lympatic tissue area present called tonsils such as palatine tonsile, lingual tonsile and pharyngeal Divided into 3: 1. Nasopharynx Pseudostratified columnar epithelium 2. Oropharynx Stratified columnar epithelial 3. Laryngopharynx Stratified squamous epithelium
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ESOPHAGUS

Contains 4 layers: 1. Mucosa Stratified squamous epithelium which contains mucous glands 2. Submucosa Collagen and elastic fibres network Mucosa and submucosa hold together called longitudinal fold 3. Muscularis Consists of inner circular layer ( the fibres are circular) and outer longitudinal layers ( fibres are longitudinal) 4. Adventitia Loose fibrous tissue

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STOMACH

Contains 4 layers: 1. Mucosa -lamina propia ( loose CT) inside lamina propia : colagen and reticular fibres, cells such as fibroblasts, lymphocytes, mast cells, eosinophils and a few plasma cells 2. Submucosa Dense irregular connective tissue with abundant of collagen and elastic fibres. 3. Muscularis Smooth muscle tissue which is divided into 3 coats such as circular, oblique, and longitudinal muscle layer. 4. Serosa

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SMALL INTESTINE

Length: 5 7 m Intestinal wall has 4 layers: Serosa,Muscularis,Sub mucosa,Muscularis mucosa Duodenum : 25cm in length, surrounded by incomplete serosa, contain Brunners gland in submucosa and leaf-like shaped villi Jejunum: movable segment suspended by a mesentery, has long finger-like vilii Ileum: contains lymphoid nodules in mucosa and submucosa & shorter villi

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LARGE INTESTINE
Length : 1.5 2 m Width : 6.5 cm Contains 3 segments: Caecum with appendix attached : 1st part located in the right lower abdomen Ascending, descending, transverse, sigmoid colon Rectum consists of 2parts : rectum proper and anal canal which is controlled by sphincters
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ACCESSORY ORGANS

Salivary gland: connected with oral cavity through excretory ducts; consists of minor gland and 3 main parts : parotid, sublingual, submandibular glands Liver: largest gland surrounded by a collagen elastic fiber and made up of hepatocytes, Gall bladder: ovoid sac covered by muscular wall _tall columnar epithelium for absorption Pancreas: located behind stomach and contains pancreatic endocrine and exocrine cells
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Functions of Digestive System

The primary function is to break down the materials into smaller parts so the body can use them to build and nourish cells and provide energy Can be viewed as a series of integrated steps that consists of Ingestion, Mechanical processing, Digestion, Secretion, Absorption, and Excretion It begins in the mouth, following with pharynx, esophagus, stomach, small intestines, large intestines, anus

Functions of Digestive System

Ingestion: Process that occurred when food enter the digestive tract via the mouth. It is an active process that involves conscious choice and decision making such as biting, sucking and filtering Mechanical processing: flattening and cutting to make the materials easier to propel along the digestive tract Digestion: breakdown of food chemically into smaller organic pieces to make it suitable for absorption

Functions of Digestive System

Secretion: the released of a substance, like water, acids, enzymes, buffers, and salts by the epithelium of the digestive tract and by glandular organs Absorption: movement of organic substrates, electrolytes (inorganic ions), vitamins, and water across the digestive epithelium and into the adjacent blood and lymphatic vessel of the digestive tract

Excretion: removal of waste products from body fluids into the anus.

Specific functions in digestive system

Mouth/Oral cavity Mechanical processing, moistening, and mixing with saliva Salivary gland Secretes saliva to break down carbohydrates Pharynx/Throat Transfer food from mouth to esophagus

Specific functions in digestive system

Esophagus Connects pharynx to stomach Liver secretes bile for lipid digestion, storing nutrient, detoxifying drugs Stomach Chemical processing and breaking down of protein by using hydrochloric acid and enzymes

Specific functions in digestive system

Gallbladder Stores and concentrates bile Pancreas Exocrine tissues: synthesizes and secretes pancreatic juices that contains digestive enzymes endocrine tissues: secretes hormones Small intestine Digests by enzymes and absorbing nutrients

Specific functions in digestive system

Large intestine Absorbs the remaining water from the waste and preparing it for elimination

Anus Excretes the waste out from the body

Nerves in Digestive system

1. Mouth Parasympathetic nerves releases acetylcholine which increases salivary secretion and vasoactive intestinal polypeptide which expands the salivary gland blood vessels Sympathetic nerves causes secretion of small amounts of saliva, rich in protein and glycoprotein 2. Esophagus Between two smooth muscles lies the nerves and nerve cells of the myenteric nerve plexus which controls peristalsis movements

Nerves in Digestive system

3. Swallowing Cranial nerves : excites muscles Intercostals nerves : inhibits diaphragm and intercostals muscles Vagus nerves to myenteric nerves : peristalsis waves of contraction to move the food down to stomach

4. Stomach Once messages from hypothalamic feeding centre from brain reaches medulla, autonomic nervous system activates reaction

Nerves in Digestive system

5. Pancreas Vagus nerves releases small quantity of gastrin which stimulates functions within 6. Gall bladder Vagus nerves causes bile to be expelled out into small intestine 7. Small intestine Myenteric nerve plexus found in outer Serosa of peritoneum controls peristalsis movements Extrinsic nerve causes parasympathetic stimulation to increase contractions and sympathetic stimulation to decrease motility Submucous nerves plexus, stimulated by intestinal hormones, causes movements of villi, to absorb nutrients

Nerves in Digestive system

8. Gut wall Myenteric nerves in smooth muscle layers coordinates secretory and muscular activities 9. Intestinal secretions Intrinsic nerve plexuses causes stimuli to secrete intestinal juice Cholinergic nerves stimulates secretion of mucus but it is inhibited by sympathetic nerves

Nerves in Digestive system

10.Gut wall of large intestine Intrinsic nervous system : myenteric and sub mucous plexus for controlling gut movement Types of neurons found : postganglionic parasympathetic, secretory, sensory ( chemoreceptor and mechanoreceptors), interneuron Extrinsic autonomic nerves : sympathetic decreases and parasympathetic (pelvic and pudendal) increases gut movement and secretion Acetylcholine released by parasympathetic stimulation contracts gut muscles and relaxes sphincters

Blood system in digestive system

1. Stomach / pancreas Humoral control: chemical messages are carried via blood stream to gastric glands In gastric phase, gastrin from G cells are released when blood leaves stomach / pancreas

Arterial blood returns to stomach / pancreas to stimulate secretion of juices rich in acid and pepsinogen (enzyme digesting protein) In intestinal phase, chyme is broken down by (GIP) ,leaves through blood circulation
Arterial blood returns to stomach / pancreas to inhibit formation of bile and decrease acidity and motility
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Blood system in digestive system

2. Gall bladder Humoral intestinal phase : products of fat disgestion stimulate duodenal (small intestine) mucosa to secrete cholecystokinin (CCK) This enters venous blood and via portal circulation, arterial blood causes contraction of gall bladder 3. Liver It receives 1/3 arterial blood from hepatic artery

Remainder venous blood from hepatic portal vein which begins from capillaries of esophagus, stomach ,small intestine and most from large intestine
Blood leaving liver re enters via inferior vena cava

What happens when we age?

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The rate of epthelial stem cell division declines Digestive cells more prone to damage and stomach ulcers occurs most likely
Smooth muscles tone decreases Motility decreases and pancreatic contraction weakens Cancer rate increases Changes in other systems have direct or indirect effects on digestive system For e.g. : reduce in bone mass and calcium content of skeleton can cause tooth loss Decline in olfactory and gustatory sensitivity can lead to dietary changes

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References

Fox, S. I.,1999. Human physiology. 6th ed. U.S.A: The McGraw Hill Companies. Kierszbaum, A. L., 2002. Histology and cell biology : an introduction to pathology. USA: Mosby. Mackenna, B. R., 1997. Illustrated physiology. 6th ed. Singapore: Longman Singapore Publisher. Martini, F. H., 1998. Fundamentals of anatomy and physiology. 4th ed. New Jersey: Prentice Hall International. Martini, F.H., 2006. Fundamental of anatomy & physiology. 7th ed. San Francisco: Daryl Fox. MDIS. 2005. Anatomy course study booklet. Singapore: MDIS.

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DONE BY: Farhath Jabien, Nishachand Vohreh, Felly, Ensy Caroline, Melisa and Ton Nu Thien An