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POSSIBLE CAUSE
(1) Precocious Puberty
-Appearance of physical and hormonal signs of pubertal development at an earlier age than consider normal. -The early development is triggered by a disease such as a tumor or injury brain.
(2) Gigantism
- Overproduction of growth hormones and due to an excess in release of GRF from hypothalamus. - A massive increase in height of the child and make him extremely large for his age.
TREATMENT
(1) Surgery for removal of tumors
- Somatostatin analogs: reduce the growth hormone release. (Such as Octreotide and Lanreotide) - Dopamine agonists: reduce growth hormones but less effective.
(3) Pegnisomant
Blocks the effect of growth hormone.
CONSEQUENCES OF IGNORANCE??
McCune Albright Syndrome
(1) It is caused by mutations in the GNASI gene.
1.
(2) Symptoms: - Autonomous endocrine hyperfunction such as precious puberty. - Polyostotic fibrous dysplasia: is a form of fibrous dysplasia affecting more than one bone. - Unilateral caf-au-lait spots: irregular, light brown color spots, especially on the back.
IF CONDITION UNTREATED
- Repeated episodes of broken bones. - Cosmetic problems resulting from facial bone abnormalities. - Blindness. - Deafness. - Premature puberty leading to short stature. - Osteitisfibrosacystica. (replacement of calcified bone by fibrous tissue) - Tumors: malignancies are rare and are usually sarcomas of the bone. (other malignancies: thyroid, testicular) - Shortens the lifespan of a person.
FURTHER INVESTIGATION
Under physical examination: Tall Well-proportioned Markedly muscular Others Mild facial acne Fine pubic hair Very large penis (for his age) Normal Testes size (3ml volume) Normal neurological signs (IQ & school performance)
Premature appearance (2 characteristic, young children) Increase growth rate & premature skeletal mauturation Loss of synchronization (between physical maturation & emotional) 2-types Central (gonadotropin-dependent ) Peripheral (gonadotropin-independent )
EARLY DIAGONSIS
Hyperthyroidism Overproduction of thyroid hormones by overactive thyroid Increasing metabolism Several forms of hyperthyroidism :
Graves disease (diffuse toxic goiter) Toxic nodular goiter (multinodular goiter) Thyroiditis
SYMPTOMS MATCHING
Precious Puberty Growth of penis Jims Symptoms Large penis Hyperthyroidism Delayed puberty
Tall
Short stature
FINAL DIAGNOSIS
WHAT ARE THE NORMAL HORMONAL LEVELS FOR CORTISOL, TESTOSTERONE AND 17-OH-PROGESTERONE UNDER BASAL AND STIMULATED CONDITIONS?
Hormone
Normal levels
Patient's levels
Cortisol
5-10ug/dl
Testosterone
172ng/dl
17-OH-progesterone
A condition where production and release of hormones are at abnormal amounts. When a particular hormone is secreted at higher amounts than another. Adrenal medulla secretes: Epinephrine Norepinephrine
Unhealthy dietary practices Hormonal/ Antibiotic treatment Medication Pain relievers Family history Sedentary lifestyle
disease
The excess cholesterol is metabolized to produce androgens such as
testosterone
In the male this condition may results in precocious puberty but it
INITIAL THERAPY
Replacement hormone medication In this case, cortisol is lacking so hydrocortisone or dexamethesone can be taken daily to replace cortisol.
2.
3.
4. Mutation in this gene causes deficiency of the enzyme 5. Lack of enzyme 21-hydroxylase leads to the formation of the substance used to synthesize cortisol and aldosterone 6. The substances are then converted to androgens, thus leading to an overproduction of androgens.
SaltWasting
SALT-WASTING
Adrenal
weight
SIMPLE VIRILISATION
Often
Results
tract
Child
VIRILISIN G
SALT WASTING
a mineralocorticoid
of Fludrocortisone :
0.10.2 mg
Fludrocortisone
Surgery can be recommended to females to correct the genital abnormalities However, problems may arise deciding the true sex of the patient
OTHER TREATMENTS?
2/15/12
Gene therapy
OR
REFERENCES
A.S,Ekman (2009). Gigantism. Available: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/001174.htm Eugster, E. (2009). Gigantism. Available: http://www.endotext.org/pediatrics/pediatrics1/pediatrics1b/pediatricsf rame1b.htm H.E,Chad (2010). Congenital AdrenalHyperplasia. Available: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/000411.htm Paul, G, 1998. Human Endocrinology. 1st ed. United Kingdom: Taylor and Francis. S.J,McPhee, G.D, Hammer (2010). Pathophysiology of Disease. 6th ed. U.S.A: McGraw Hill. p44-444.