ENGLISH LANGUAGE TEACHING METHODOLOGY (PKB 3105)

PHONOLOGY
BY : AINU SUHANA YAKOB ANIS NASUHA MOHD AB. AZIZ UNIT : PISMP PENDIDIKAN KHAS JANUARI 2013 LECTURERS : DR. NORSHIDAH ABU HUSIN MADAM SAROYA YAHYA
anis & suhana 14 1

DEFINITION OF PHONOLOGY
- The study of how speech sounds form patterns in language. ( Fromkin, Rodman & Hyams, 2011)

- Investigate the ways in which speech sounds are used systematically to

form words and utterances. (Francis Katamba, 1989) - How speech sounds are organised into systems for each individual language, how the sounds can be combined, the relations between them and how they affect each other. (Mike Davenport & S. J. Hannahs, 1998) - The study of the sound systems of languages, and the general properties displayed by these systems.
anis & suhana 14 2

SPEECH ORGANS AND ARTICULATORS

anis & suhana 14

SOUNDS OF ENGLISH
Vowel Sounds
- Articulated without any obstruction as the air passes from the larynx to the lips. - Vocal cords always vibrate. - Exists short vowels and long vowels. - Examples : a) short vowels e - bed, D - dog, u - actuality, i happy b) long vowels i: - sheep, D: - door, u: - boot

anis & suhana 14

SOUNDS OF ENGLISH
Diphthongs
- A sound which consists of a glide from one vowel to another. - Perceive as one phoneme not two, and therefore as one syllable not two. - Two main types of diphthongs:

a) centring diphthongs a central vowel.

Examples: bail - /e/, right - /a/, toy - //, row - //, owl - //

b) closing diphthongs end with a glide towards // or towards //.

Examples: hear - /e/, pear - /e/, poor - /e/
anis & suhana 14 5

SOUNDS OF ENGLISH
Consonants
- Produced by completely or partially blocking the flow of air from the lungs to the vocal tract. (Finegan, 2008).
- Can be described in three of terms: a) voicing indicates whether the vocal cords are vibrating or not in the production of consonant. b) place of articulation the place in the oral cavity where the airstream is modified or most obstructed to produce speech sounds. c) manner of articulation the particular way we position and modify our lips, tonge and teeth to produce speech sounds.
anis & suhana 14 6

PHONEMES & ALLOPHONE

Phonemes : Minimal sound unit which is capable of contrasting word meaning. Examples: tip /t/ dip /d/

Allophone : variant of phoneme; aspirated (puff or air) and un-aspirated. Examples: poker aspirated spine un-aspirated

anis & suhana 14

SUPRASEGMENTAL FEATURES
Is a speech feature such as stress, rhythm and tone or intonation. Not limited to single sound. Often extend over sillables word, or phrases. 1. Stress The degree of prominence a syllable has. Generally three stress syllable are recognize : a) Primary. b) Secondary c) Unstress Examples: i. photograph ii. Photographer iii. Photographic

anis & suhana 14

SUPRASEGMENTAL FEATURES
2. Rhythm - Occurrence of stressed syllables at regular intervals of time. - Rhythm s important in English because it can result in miscommunication. - Examples:

talking to themselves talking to damsels

anis & suhana 14

SUPRASEGMENTAL FEATURES
3. Intonation - Tune a speaker uses when speaking - Have two basic patterns of intonation : a) Rising tune b) Falling tune i. ii. Examples : You speak English, dont you? - falling tune You speak English, dont you? - rising tune

anis & suhana 14

10

THANK YOU =)
anis & suhana 14 11