Example:Coal India Limited A Govt.

Undertaking Company

 CPP (Coal preparation process facility ) It is a process of washing coal of soil and rock, preparing it for transport to market .

ROM ( Run of Mine )

The coal delivered from the mine that reports the to coal preparation plant is called Run-Of-Mine.

Coal needs to be stored at various stages of the preparation process, and conveyed around the CPP facilities.

Stockpiles
1. Provide surge capacity.
2. Stacker. 3. Reclaimers.

4. Reduced rate of heat lost, leading to a higher risk of spontaneous combustion

 Travelling, lugging boom stackers that straddle a feed conveyor are commonly used to create coal stockpiles. STACKER is a large machine used in bulk material handling applications. Movement of Stacker Luffing Travelling Slewing

 A Reclaimers function is to recover bulk material such as ores and cereals from a stockpile

Reclaimers Types
Bucket wheels Reclaimers. Scraper Reclaimers .

 Stackers and Reclaimers were originally manuallycontrolled manned machines with no remote control. Modern machines are typically fully automated with their parameters. Some older Reclaimers may still be manually controlled, as reclaiming is more difficult to automate than stacking .

 A Routine sample is taken at a set frequency, either over a period of time or per shipment

Types of Sampling
Cross cut sampler. Falling stream sampler.
Continuous measurement of ash, moisture, KCal , sulfur Fe, Ca, Na, and other element constituents of the coal are reported by cross belt elemental analyzers. This information can be calibrated periodically to the lab data per ASTM methods.

 Liberation data on the raw coal sample Low density material is clean coal whereas high density material is reject (rock). The intermediate density material is called middlings Liberation data is commonly obtained by float and sink analysis.

 Crushing reduces the overall top-size of the ROM coal so that it can be more easily handled and processed within the CPP

 Screens are used to group process particles into ranges by size. These size ranges are also called grades. Dewatering screens Screens can be static, or mechanically vibrated. Screen decks can be made from different materials such as high tensile steel, stainless steel, or polyethylene.

 Gravity separation methods make use of the different relative densities of different grades of coal, and the reject material.

Jigs
Jigs are a gravity separation method for rough coal.

 Fine coal is cleaned using froth flotation methods

Spirals perform a simple, low cost and reasonably efficient separation of finer sized material, based on particle density and size.

 Dewatering
Water is removed from the product to reduce the mass, and runoff on the stockpile Dewatering tailings (reject) Water is removed from tailings to recycle water. Filters, centrifuges and thickeners are used in this part of the process

Thickeners
Thickeners are used for dewatering slurries of either tailings or product.

Measurement of flow, density, levels, ash

and moisture are inputs to the control system. PLCs are used extensively in plant

Instruments: Density gauges and online

elemental coal analyzers.