One of the oldest civilizations in the world.

The China race is the combination of 5 large people that are called Zhonghua Minzu. They are: the Han (red); the Manchus (yellow); the Mongols (blue); the Muslims, known at the time as the "Hui" (white) i.e Muslim Turkic peoples in Western China; and the Tibetans (black). Early period, the Chinese race was known as Huaxia race i.e a group (or confederation of tribes) of ancient people living along the Yellow River who formed the nucleus of what later became the Han ethnic group in China of the Han dynasty (221207 BCE) and, later on, the Tang dynasty (618-907). In other words, the Large ethnic groups that make up Chinese were Han, Hui, Manchu, Mongol and Zang (Tibet).

The National concept in Chinese civilization is Zhong Guo (Tiongkok) meaning Middle kingdom/Country The concept of Zhong Hua (Tionghua) - is a combination of the terms Zhong Guo and Hua Xia. It refers to the colonial territories under the Chinese dynasty called Han (Han race) which practice the Zhong Yen culture.

'Country' refers to the spirit of 'integration' among the whole unit of a nation which is a combination of Guo (the nation) and Jia (Family). Concept Zhong (faithful) was fundamental in nationhood. Concept Xiao (devotion) is emphasized in family system. This family system leads to nationhood and in Chinese culture nationhood spirit is given more priority than country spirit. This dynastic nationhood system however collapse with the Revolution of 1911 and it was replaced with a Republic.

Northern Chinese civilization growth centre is in Sungai Huang He (Sg Kuning) i.e Yellow River Southern Chinese civilization growth centre is in Chang Jiang. Earliest civilization artifacts are found in; The Culture of Yangshao society in Shanxi province The Culture of Longshan which is centred at Shandong province Bronze civilization which is located in Jiangxi province.

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kuning/Huang ho

China society system is based on a system of pedigree and emphasizes value and ethics The family system is patriarchy and men folk lineage (patrilineal) which emphasize the father heir. In Chinese political values, the king has absolute power Society hierarchy are made up of the noble and the downtrodden. The system SANGKANG stresses 3 tiers: King with noblemen, / father with child /husband with wife.

Wu Chang consist of Five principles which are emphasised in chinese society and they include; Ren (humanity) Yi (equity / justice) Li (code of ethics / politeness) Zhi (wisdom) Xin (trust / belief) Careful cultivation of the wu-chang is necessary both for the healthy functioning of society and for the healthy functioning of the individual.

Zhong Fa system stress pedigree heritage of ancestors in relationships among humans

Ancient Chinese society is an agricultural society. Their culture is based on Confucianism that thicken until it becomes influential in all aspect of their life, ethic, culture, political, society and country system.

Spoken language of Chinese people varied based on race. In the period of Han Dynasty - spoken language and writing were standardized and known as Hanyu (language) and Hanzi (writing) respectively. Mandarin was term that was used by foreign authority to Chinese language. Now Chinese language spelling use Pin Ying system based on Roman spelling.

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writing system is formed based on the combination of 3 primary element namely meaning, sound and form. Although there are many dialect speech, China only have a single writing system.

The Concept of Tian:

In the period of Zhou Dynasty, this concept refers to 4 major ideologies: 1. Tian as the source of all creatures in the world 2. Tian as the greatest divine that is above everything 3. Tian as decider of the Fate of a dynasty 4. Tian as decider of human Happiness and misery

The Concept of Dao

This concept refers to Daode Jing which refers to 4 things: Road (the way) Natural concept Great principle which is absolute, the origin of everything/creature (wanwu) Dao is primordial from which all creatures originated and will be return back to at the end of their life.

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According to Yijing book (the Books of Changes) Taiji concept refers to the essence of substance which is absolute Yin Yang theory is continuous contradiction and conflict between two aspects namely positive and negative with 5 strands (wuxing) namely metal, wood, water, fire and land. Zhongyong Principle
Moderation is virtue

1-Confuciusnism Founded by Confucius (551479) include philosophical aspect, education and political science which include in Lun Yu book (Analects) The doctrine of Confucianism was ren (humanity), Li (morality), xiao (filial piety), junzi (pious/magnanimous). 2- Chinese Buddhism widely spread in China in the first century It was modify to suit Chinese nature

3-Daoism Founded by 2 great thinkers namely Laozi and Zhuangzi, Divided into 2 branches namely dao philosophical thought (daojia) and religious school (daojiao) Moism The founder is Mo Zi Founder (479-381M) The important concepts are: jian'ai (global love) Feigong (condemning fight) Feiming (not depending on destiny) Shangxian (intellectuals) Moism is contrary to Confucianism in

4- Fa school of Thought (legalism) Founder was Han Feizi a Chinese philosopher in Qin Dynasty Fa (law) Shi (authority) Shu (principle)
This school of thought insist on sociopolitical thought and the power of government over the people.

5 Islam Islam entered China through land and sea as early as 7th century. Arab and Persian Muslim traders who docked at southern China have built mosque in Guangzhou and Quanzhou. Traders who came by land/silk route through Persia and Afghanistan formed a Chinese Muslim society in Xian. The golden era of Islam in China occurred in the time of Yuan Dynasty (1271-1368m) At this time there were many prominent Muslim figures who contributed greatly in the field of astronomy, calendar, medicine, science and technology. In the time of Ming dynasty there was a Chinese Muslim sailor, Zheng He, who succeeded in going round the world including Malay land.

There are three theories put forward by researchers: 1. According to historical records of the Tang dynasty, Islam was brought by the missionaries, led by Saad bin Abi Waqas during the reign of Emperor Yung-Wei- in the 7th Century. The number of missionaries is a total of 15. Proof of acceptance and establishment of a government in China is the oldest mosque in China, Huai-Sheng Mosque, in Ch'ang-an. 2. Next there is the view that it was brought by Abu Hamza bin Hamzah at the time of Thai Sung (627-655M). He, along with almost 3000 people, migrated to China and settled in San Gan Foo. 3. In addition, the local historian of China, Ibrahim T.Y.M. holds the opinion that Islam was brought by Saad bin Lubayd. Saad emigrated to Abyssinia in the time of Muhammad, from Abyssinia he sailed to China and eventually arrived in Canton in southern China in 630M. He built a mosque known as Kwang Tah Se Mosque.

There are three stages in the development of Islam in China, the beginning stage, the middle and progressive stage and the dark stage. Islam began to be accepted in the Tang dynasty in (618-907M) bc its ethics is close to the old teachings of Confucianism that have been deeply ingrained in the soul of the society. In addition to the community, the government also received and provide opportunity for Islamic preachers to preach. Next, at the time of Sang dynasty (960-1279M), Muslims began to be entrusted with several positions. Among them are the Director of Ports and Shipping. Trading activities in the ports grew rapidly. Besides the fact that there is moral good in Islam and good relationship btw Muslims and the ppl there was no prejudice against Islam & Muslims. The golden age of Islam in China occurred in the era of the Ming dynasty (1368-1644). During the reign of Emperor Cu Yaung Cang, Muslims were not allowed to come and reside in China. This prohibition caused the Muslims to take action by marrying the Han Chinese women as a way to get citizenship of China. The effect of this form of marriage is the production of a new culture by the integration of Islamic culture with the culture of the Han Chinese.


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Muslims were assimilated into the Chinese society through: Integration in terms of food & clothes Setting name: names that start with the letter 'M' like Mohammed, Mustafa will put the word 'Ma'. The names of the Muslims also started with Ha for Hasan, Hu for Hussein and Sai for Said. Muslims are also involved in the political, administrative, arts and culture. For example, a Muslim military commander named Muhammad Cheng Ho or Ho Ma was sent to establish diplomatic relations with countries in Southeast Asia, India and Arabia. In addition, a ruler of China Su Ming Tsai implemented alcohol prohibition.

Generally speaking Chinese political system and government is base on feudalistic dynasty. Chinese political thought is much influence by Confucius philosophy. A dynasty will hold on to different philosophical teachings at a time; Confucianism (stresses on moral government) Moism (based on welfare) Fa (based on legislation) Daoism (based on nature [wiwei] )