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Also need nutrients most of which are extracted from the soil They conduct photosynthesis and respiration
Figure 36.2-3
CO2 H2O
O2 Sugar
Light
Transpiration
Seed Germination
How does water get from the ground to the top of a Red Wood tree if plants do not have a heart to circulate fluids?
Transport in Plants
The evolution of xylem and phloem in land plants made possible the longdistance transport of water, minerals, and products of photosynthesis Xylem transports water and minerals from roots to shoots Phloem transports photosynthetic products from sources to sinks
8090% of a plants fresh mass is water 4% of a plants dry mass is inorganic substances from soil 96% of plants dry mass is from CO2 assimilated during photosynthesis
Aquaporins are channels in the plasma membrane for the transport of water
Capillary space holds water; movement of water by osmosis
Cations (for example K+, Ca2+, Mg2+) adhere to negatively charged soil particles; this prevents them from leaching out of the soil through percolating groundwater But makes it difficult for plants to absorb .so plants use cation exchange
Soil pH affects cation exchange and the chemical form of minerals Cations are more available in slightly acidic soil, as H+ ions displace mineral cations from clay particles The availability of different minerals varies with pH
For example, at pH 8 plants can absorb calcium but not iron
Figure 37.3
Soil particle K Mg
2
Ca
Ca2 H
H2O CO2
H2CO3
HCO3 H
The endodermis is the innermost layer of cells in the root cortex (=gate keeper) It surrounds the vascular cylinder and is the last checkpoint for selective passage of minerals from the cortex into the vascular tissue Water can cross the cortex via the symplast or apoplast The waxy Casparian strip of the endodermal wall blocks apoplastic transfer of minerals from the cortex to the vascular cylinder
Water and Mineral movement - Bulk Flow Is it root pressure? pushing (not enough pressure to get the job done)
Guttation
According to the cohesion-tension hypothesis, transpiration and water cohesion pull water from shoots to roots Xylem sap is normally under negative pressure, or tension Water molecules are attracted to cellulose in xylem cell walls through adhesion Adhesion of water molecules to xylem cell walls helps offset the force of gravity Cohesion of sater molecules to each other
Stomata Regulate the Rate of Transpiration About 95% of the water a plant loses escapes through stomata Each stoma is flanked by a pair of guard cells, which control the diameter of the stoma by changing shape Stomatal density is under genetic and environmental control
Figure 36.14
ATP-dependent proton pump - membrane potential; AT of H+ out of guard cells & K+ in through specific membrane channels & water in turgor - opens
Fig. 36.15
Sugars are Transported via the Phloem Bulk Flow by Positive Pressure: The Mechanism of Translocation in Angiosperms
The pressure flow hypothesis explains why phloem sap always flows from source to sink Self-thinning is the dropping of sugar sinks such as flowers, seeds, or fruits
Bulk Flow
Bulk flow by negative pressure
1. Loading of sugar
2. Uptake of water
3. Unloading of sugar
4. Water recycles
Pg.781
Experiments have built a strong case for pressure flow as the mechanism of translocation in angiosperms
Table 37.1
Symptoms of mineral deficiency depend on the nutrients function and mobility within the plant Deficiency of a mobile nutrient usually affects older organs more than young ones Deficiency of a less mobile nutrient usually affects younger organs more than older ones The most common deficiencies are those of nitrogen, potassium, and phosphorus
Soils can become depleted of nutrients as plants and the nutrients they contain are harvested Use of fertilizers replace mineral nutrients that have been lost from the soil
Commercial fertilizers are enriched in nitrogen (N), phosphorus (P), and potassium (K) Excess minerals are often leached from the soil and can cause algal blooms in lakes Organic fertilizers are composed of manure, fishmeal, or compost They release N, P, and K as they decompose