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Photosynthesis
Photosynthesis is a series of chemical reactions that convert light energy, water, and carbon dioxide into the food-energy molecule glucose and give off oxygen.
photosynthesis
Photosynthesis (cont.)
Two types of mesophyll cells inside a leaf contain chloroplasts, the organelles where photosynthesis occurs. Near the top surface of the leaf are palisade mesophyll cells, which are packed together.
Spongy mesophyll cells have open spaces between them, and gases needed for photosynthesis flow through the spaces.
Photosynthesis (cont.)
In the first step of photosynthesis, plants capture the energy in light.
This occurs in chloroplasts, which contain plant pigments. Chlorophyll, the most common plant pigment, is necessary for photosynthesis.
Photosynthesis (cont.)
Sugars are made in the second step of photosynthesis.
In chloroplasts, carbon dioxide and water are broken down and, using energy stored in chlorophyll, form sugar molecules.
Photosynthesis (cont.)
Cellular Respiration
Cellular respiration is a series of chemical reactions that convert the energy in food molecules into a usable form of energy called ATP.
Glucose molecules break down during cellular respiration. Plants produce sugar, but without cellular respiration, plants could not grow, reproduce, or repair tissues.
How are photosynthesis and cellular respiration alike, and how are they different?
Materials that a plant requires to survive move through the plant in the vascular tissue, xylem and phloem. Plants can make their own food by using light energy, water, and carbon dioxide.
Which term refers to the organelles where photosynthesis occurs? A. palisade mesophyll cells B. chlorophyll C. chloroplasts D. spongy mesophyll cells
Which have open spaces between them that gases flow through? A. spongy mesophyll cells B. palisade mesophyll cells C. chloroplasts D. chlorophyll
1. Plants do not carry on cellular respiration. 2. Plants are the only organisms that carry on photosynthesis. 3. Plants make food in their underground roots.
Plant Responses
How do plants respond to environmental stimuli?
Plant Responses
stimulus tropism photoperiodism plant hormone
Environmental Stimuli
A tropism is a response that results in plant growth toward or away from a stimulus. When the growth is toward a stimulus, the tropism is called positive. Growth away from a stimulus is considered negative.
The growth of a plant toward or away from light is a tropism called phototropism
What types of environmental stimuli do plants respond to? Give three examples.
Chemical Stimuli
Plant hormones are substances that act as chemical messengers within plants. Auxins are hormones responsible for phototropism. They cause the cells on the dark side of the plants stem to grow longer.
How do plants respond to the chemical stimuli, or hormones, auxin and ethylene?
Root tips produce cytokinins, a hormone that increases the rate of cell division and, in some plants, slows the aging process of flowers and fruits.
Photoperiodism occurs in long-day plants and short-day plants. Dayneutral plants are not affected by the number of hours of darkness.
Plant hormones are internal chemical stimuli that produce different responses in plants.
Which term refers to the growth of a plant toward or away from light? A. phototropism
B. photoperiodism
C. gravitropism D. thigmotropism
B. cytokinins
C. ethylene
D. tendrils
B. stems
C. leaves D. tendrils
Key Concept Summary Interactive Concept Map Chapter Review Standardized Test Practice
Plants transform light energy into chemical energy, respond to stimuli, and maintain homeostasis.
In photosynthesis, plants convert light energy, water, and carbon dioxide into the food-energy molecule glucose through a series of chemical reactions. The process gives off oxygen.
Cellular respiration is a series of chemical reactions that convert the energy in food molecules into a usable form of energy called ATP. Photosynthesis and cellular respiration can be considered opposite processes of each other.
Plants respond to chemical stimuli, or plant hormones, such as auxins, ethylene, gibberellins, and cytokinins. Different hormones have different effects on plants.
Carbon dioxide, oxygen, and water vapor pass into and out of a plant through which part of a plant?
A. leaves
B. phloem C. roots D. xylem
A. xylem
B. phloem C. chloroplasts D. chlorophyll
Which term refers to a response that results in plant growth toward or away from a stimulus? A. photoperiodism
B. photosynthesis
C. stimuli D. tropism
When the growth is toward a stimulus, what is the tropism referred to as? A. negative
B. photoperiodism
C. photosynthesis
D. positive
Which term refers to a series of chemical reactions that convert light energy, water, and carbon dioxide into the food-energy molecule glucose?
A. cellular respiration
B. photosynthesis C. xylem D. phloem
A. xylem
B. phloem C. mesophyll cells D. chloroplasts
Which term describes any changes in an organisms environment that cause a response? A. tropism B. gravitropism
C. phototropism
D. stimuli
Short-day plants require how many hours of darkness for flowering to begin? A. 12 or more B. 10 to 12 C. 8 to 10
D. less than 8
A growing ivy plant comes into contact with a brick building and begins to grow up the building. What is this response? A. gravitropism B. photoperiodism
C. phototropism
D. thigmotropism