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GENERAL PSYCHOLOGY
BEHAVIOR GENETICS
Seeks to determine the extent to which our behavior and the rest of our individual differences can be attributed to genes
BEHAVIOR GENETICS
NURTURE- believed that some personality traits like being SHY have been attributed to the environment. For example , the person is shy because when he was a child, he did not have enough opportunities to interact with others. NATURE- research study showed that some personality traits such as AGGRESION, SHYNESS, etc. and even PSYCHOLOGICAL DISORDER can be INHERITED
MECHANISM OF HEREDITY
HEREDITY OR NATURE
-Is the transmission of physical as well as psychological characteristics from parents to offspring through the genes.
.MECHANISM OF HEREDITY
GONADS (Testes and Ovaries)Produce gametes or the cell responsible for the reproduction of sperms and ova respectively.
.MECHANISM OF HEREDITY
OVULATION
The period when one of the ovaries releases a fertile egg or mature egg at least once a month.
.MECHANISM OF HEREDITY
The nucleus of every cells (sperms & ova) contains 23 pairs of CHROMOSOMES made up of DNA (DEOXYRIBONUCLEIC ACID), acting as a code for genetic information.
.MECHANISM OF HEREDITY
When the sperms and eggs become mature (they become ready for reproduction, a certain kind of cell division, known as meiosis, takes place).
.MECHANISM OF HEREDITY
SPERM23 PAIRS
EGG- 23 PAIRS
At Maturity splitting of cell happens (MEIOSIS) living each mature cells with only 23 SINGLE CHROMOSOMES At fertilization
sperm and egg cell pairs again to create new human with 23 pairs of chromosome- egg cellMOTHER, sperm cellFATHER
Through 2nd cell division, (MITOSIS)-ZYGOTE reproduces itself. Zygote will reside to UTERUS and After 9 MONTHS, BILLIONS OF CELLS will have been formed
After 9 months
.MECHANISM OF HEREDITY
UTERUS (Womb)
A
fist-sized, pear shaped organ which becomes HOME for the new organism in the form of zygote (fertilized egg) for the next 9 months.
.MECHANISM OF HEREDITY
GENES True Units of heredity as they determine the inherited features and potentials of the new developing organism. Genes always work in pairs which comes from mother and father. Sometimes paired genes are: Identical- single type of gene determine features and sometimes (Polygenic)-NOT identical, interaction different genes determine the physical features
.MECHANISM OF HEREDITY
Single type of Gene Determination (identical genes) Mother Father
GAVE BLUE EYES GENE GAVE BLUE EYES GENE
CHILD
BLUE EYES
.MECHANISM OF HEREDITY
GENOTYPE-Genes that the person inherits from the parents that make up his genetic constitution. Some genes are not being showed up or observable.
PHENOTYPE- The outcome or the observable characteristics, will depend on which gene is dominant and which gene is recessive
.MECHANISM OF HEREDITY
DOMINANT GENE- one whose trait always SHOWS UP when paired with another gene. RECESSIVE GENE-one whose characteristic will NOT be OBSERVABLE when paired with a dominant gene.
.MECHANISM OF HEREDITY
DOMINANT
BROWN EYES OR DARK EYES DARK OR BUNETTE HAIR CURLY HAIR NORMAL HAIR NORMAL COLOR VISION NORMAL SIGHT
RECESSIVE
BLUE OR LIGHTCOLORED EYES LIGHT, BLONDE, OR RED HAIR STRAIGHT HAIR BALDNESS COLOR BLINDNESS NIGHT BLINDNESS
NORMAL HEARING
NORMAL SKIN COLOR
CONGENITAL DISEASE
ALBINISM
.MECHANISM OF HEREDITY
Polygenic Gene Determination (NOT identical genes) Mother Father
GAVE BROWN EYES GENE
CHILD
BROWN EYES
(GENOTYPE)
FATHER
(GENOTYPE)
BROWN EYES
(GENOTYPE)
BLUE EYES
(PHENOTYPE)
(PHENOTYPE)
BROWN EYES
BROWN EYES
BROWN EYES
MOTHE R
(GENOTYPE)
(PHENOTYPE)
BLUE EYES
BROWN EYES
(PHENOTYPE)
BLIUE EYES
LEGEND: G-GENOTYPE BOTH FATHER AND MOTHER HAVE BROWN EYE AND BLUE EYE GENES. ON THE AVERAGE, THREE OF THE CHILDREN WILL HAVE BROWN EYES (TWO OF THEM NOW CARRIES THE BLUE EYE-GENE) AND ONE WILL HAVE BLUE EYES.
GENETIC ABNORMALITIES
Genes are genuine link to our ancestors since they are passed from generation to generation. If ABNORMALITIES have NOT been appearing in the PREVIOUS GENERATION, their presence in NEW GENERATION is due to. MUTATION- A process where genes become altered or damaged resulting in defective characteristics.
GENETIC ABNORMALITIES
HUNTINGTONS DISEASE
A
fatal disorder that involves LOSS OF MOTOR CONTROL and PROGRESSIVE DETERIORATION of CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM. The Disorder is caused by a single dominant gene, but does not emerge until adulthood.
GENETIC ABNORMALITIES
born with TRIO INSTEAD OF TWO CHROMOSOMES in 21st PAIR. Result develop a distinctive physical appearance and retarded intellectual growth. The condition is named after John Langdon
GENETIC ABNORMALITIES
ALZHEIMERS DISEASE
A
degenerative disorder (getting worse as time passes by). Early onset happens at 40 years old. Involves LOSS of memory and increased confusion in the later period of life.
WITH ALZHEIMERS
In AD, specific neuropathologic and biochemical changes are thought to result in decreased brain size and decrease in acetylcholine production, which leads to shrinking and dying of several brain areas. Wrinkles along its surface become smoother
WITH ALZHEIMERS
MULTPLE BIRTHS
REPLICATES
MULTPLE BIRTHS
Conjoined twins are monozygotic multiples that do not fully separate from each other due to the incomplete division of the fertilized ovum. The individuals will be connected at certain points of the body, and may share tissue, organs or limbs.
MULTPLE BIRTHS
from TWO DIFFERENT ZYGOTE that have been formed when TWO MATURE EGGS were fertilized by TWO MATURE SPERMS. Dizygotic Twins- are no more ALIKE genetically. Thus, different also in physical features. They shared only 50% genes just like ordinary brothers and sisters born at different times. It can be boy and girl twin.E S E S
DIFFERENT ZYGOTE
F. TWIN A
F. TWIN B
SEX DETERMINATION
The sex of the child is DETERMINE BY THE FATHER and not by the mother. Sex chromosomes are called Gonosomes In females- XX In male-Xy X is a LARGER chromosome y is SMALLER chromosome
MOTHER
X
(GIRL)
X
(GIRL)
X
FATHER
XX
(BOY)
XX
(BOY)
Xy
Xy
When it is the sperm carrying the X sex chromosome that fertilizes the ovum, the resulting pair of sex chromosomes in the zygote will be XX (Female). If it is the sperm carrying the Y that fertilizes the ovum pair of sex chromosome is Xy (male)
SEX-LINKED TRAITS
Trait that are controlled by genes found in the sex chromosomes are called sex-linked traits. GENES IN THE X CHROMOSOME CONTROL VIRTUALLY ALL THESE SEXLINKED TRAITS SINCE THE Y IS SMALL AND CARRIES FEW GENES. As a result MALE is more VULNERABLE TO TRAITS LIKE COLOR BLINDNESS, BALDESS AND HEMOPHILIA.
..SEX-LINKED TRAITS
A Female may carry a gene for blindness in one X gonosome, yet may not come out with the defect, because normal color vision may be present in the other X.
COLOR BLIND
..SEX-LINKED TRAITS
In contrast, it is easy for a male to inherit the defect once the recessive gene is present in the X gonosome , since it is most unlikely that the small Y gonosome will carry the dominant normal gene.
COLOR BLIND
MOTHER
X
NORMAL HAIR
X
NORMAL HAIR
X
FATHER
XX
BALNESS
XX
NORMAL HAIR
Xy
Xy
LEGEND: X- (RED) STANDS FOR GENE WITH RECESSIVE TRAIT (BALNESS) MOTHER IS CARRIER OF RECESSIVE GENE (BALDNESS): ON THE AVERAGE,
ONE OF THE MALE CHILDREN WILL BE BALD ONE OF THE FEMALES NOW CARRIES THE BALDNESS RECESSIVE TRAIT TWO OF THEM WILL BE FREE OF RECCESIVE GENE FOR
HEMOPHILIA
ALBINISM
NATURE-NURTURE INTERACTIONS
ARNOLD GESELL
The
JOHN B. WATSON
Disagreed
with Gesell, inferring from his experiments on children that the ENVIRONMENT, not nature, shapes development.
..NATURE-NURTURE INTERACTIONS
JEAN PIAGET
BOTH
HEREDITY (NATURE) AND ENVIRONMENT (NURTURE) jointly shape a persons abilities, skills, psychological characteristics and certainly the physical traits as well. EPIGENETIC APPROACH Study of naturenurture interactions explains the sequence to be like this:
Genetically controlled behaviors is modified and fashioned by the environment
A. PRENATAL DEVELOPMENT
1.) ZYGOTE or (the fertilized ovum)- a single-cell organism where the human being starts. 2.) EMBRYO-(2nd week) second stage of development, wherein zygote divides into many more cells. In this stage, the new organism develops a heart, nervous system, stomach, esophagus and ovaries or testes. nd month, this inch-long embryo By the end of 2 has developed eyes, ears, nose, jaw, mouth and lips. Its tiny arm have elbows, hands and stubby fingers; the legs have knees, ankles and toes.
organ that develops in the uterus during pregnancy where the fetus gets its nourishment. UMBILICAL CORD-Connect the placenta and the fetus AMNIOTIC SAC-A fluid-filled sac that cushions fetus against sudden movements or physical blows to the mother. TERATOGENS-(TA-RAT-A-JENS)- a harmful external substances (drugs, nicotine and viruses etc.) that are especially damaging during embryonic stage when critical maturational
NEONATES (Newborns)-enter the world equipped with reflexes that promote their survival and provide them with protection.
Infants Reflexes Sucking Reflex- allows the newborn the ability to adjust to its new manner of taking food. (remember that inside womb, it took nourishment through umbilical cord to get nutrients from placenta). Rooting Reflex-aiding the newborn baby to find mothers nipple to receive its nourishment.
Infants Reflexes
Grasping
(gripping) reflex-when a finger is pressed into a newborns palm it causes the infant to hold on tightly and strongly enough to suspend its entire weight. Moro reflex (startle) reflex-sudden noise causes arms and legs are flung to the sides, then arms are brought toward the body in a hugging motion. Babinski reflex-infants toes fan upward when the bottom of the foot is stroked.
30
20 10 0 Lett ersl ett
Figure 2.9 Visual preferences of infants Three to four month old babies show strong preference for faces and patterns and striking colors rather than pale ones.
White color
Infant smell and taste sensitivities seem to be present at birth. Babies seem to like the smell of flowers and taste of sweet drinks. They react to sour and bitter with remarkable similarity with adults.
Language Acquisition
6-8
week- babies begin cooing, the repetition of vowel sounds ooh and ahh 6 months- the nervous system has matured enough to permit babbling, that is the repetition of meaningless language sounds both vowel and consonants sounds. 1yr.-1 yrs.- the child begin to use single words. Soon after this single-word stage, words are arranged in simple two-sentences called telegraphic speech.
Bowlby- developed Attachment Theoryvalue of developing strong attachment to ones caregivers, a bonding that will keep individuals safe.
Babies-get hungry and sleepy at predictable times, react cheerfully and seldom fuss. Difficult infants-are irregular and irritable. Slow to warm babies-babies fuss at the beginning but eventually come to enjoy their activities
Difficult babies often developed attention and aggression in childhood, while slow to warm up toddlers tend to become shy preschoolers and somewhat anxious teens
Cognitive Development
JEAN
PIAGET proposed that cognitive development progresses through a series of predictable stages that come about the same ages. Schemas- mental images or generalizations formed as the person experiences the world.
Cognitive Development
Two
the process by which we integrate new information with our existing knowledge of things. Accommodation-we alter our schemas so that we can include new information that does not fit into our existing ways of thinking.
Cognitive Development
I.
Sensorimotor Stage (birth to age 2), infants and young children learn about their world through the senses, like seeing, hearing, and through motor skills like grasping and sucking. As the periods ends the children should learn the principle of object permanence recognition that objects continue to exist even though they are not directly sensed.
Cognitive Development
II.
Preoperational Stage (2-7 years old)- the child develops an ability to think symbolically and to use language but his thinking is still intuitive and egocentric (self-centered) Children conversation:
Miko: My dad bought a new car Andre: Im going to have balloons on my birthday
Cognitive Development
III.
Concrete operational Stage (7-11 years old)- become able to think logically, but only with real, concrete objects-marble, sticks, tools, etc.-but not with abstract concepts, like faith and freedom. There is too reversibility of thought, like recognizing that if A is equal to B, Then b is equal to A.
Cognitive Development
IV.
Formal Operational Stage (12 onwards)-Children gain the ability to think logically about abstract ideas. (Faith, Freedom)
Children
are capable developing hypotheses or best guesses about ways of solving problems.