Prepared By:

Jolina G. Rosario
III-BSCT

What is VIRUS?

A submicroscopic, parasitic, filterable gent consisting of a nucleic acid surrounded by a protein coat. Obligatory intracellular parasites

Contain a single type of nucleic acid, either DNA or RNA.

Contain protein coat that surrounds the nucleic acid.

Multiply inside living cells by using the synthesizing machinery of the cells.

Cause the synthesis of specialized structures that can transfer the viral nucleic acid to other cells.

Viruses and Bacteria Compared

Bacteria Typical Bacteria
Intracellular Parasites Plasma Membrane Binary Fission Pass through Bacteriological Filters Passes both DNA and RNA ATP-Generating metabolism Ribosomes Sensitive to Antibiotics Sensitive to Interferon No Yes Yes No Yes Yes Yes Yes No

Rickettsias/Chlamydias
Yes No No No/Yes Yes Yes/No Yes Yes No

Viruses
Yes No No Yes No No No No Yes

Host Range
Refers to the spectrum of host cells in which a virus can multiply. Bacteriophages or phages

Viral Size

Viral Structure

Virion is a complete, fully developed, infectious viral particle composed of nucleic acid and a protein coat.

Lipid Envelope

Nucleic Acid

Protein Capsid

Virion Associated Polymerase

Spike Projections

Capsid A protein coat that surrounds a nucleic acid. Capsomeres each capsid is composed of protein
units.

Envelope a covering of capsid that is composed of

lipids, proteins, and carbohydrates. surface of an envelope.

Spikes carbohydrate protein complexes that project the Non-enveloped viruses the capsid is not
covered by an envelope.

General Morphology
Helical Viruses

Helical Virus

Ebola Virus

 Polyhedral Viruses

Icosahedral

Polio Virus

Adenovirus

 Enveloped Viruses

Complex Viruses
Poxvirus

Bacteriophage

Taxonomy of Viruses
Classification of viruses is based on type of nucleic acid, strategy for replication, and morphology. Virus names ends end in viridae; genus names end in virus
Viral Species

is a group of viruses sharing the same genetic information and ecological niche.

Isolation, Cultivation and Identification of Viruses

Viruses must be grown in living cells. The easiest virus to grow are bacteriophages.

Families of Viruses that Affect Humans

Characteristics
Single-stranded DNA Nonenveloped 18-25 nm Double-stranded DNA Nonenveloped 70-90 nm

Viral Family
Parvoviridae

Important Genera
Human parvovirus B19 Mastadenovirus

Special Features
Filfth diseases; anemia in immunocompromised patient. Medium size viruses cause various respiratory infections in humans; some causes tumors in animals Small virus induce tumors; the HWV and certain viruses that produce cancer in animals (polyoma and simian) belong to this family. Very large, complex, brickshaped viruses thbat cause such as small pox (variola), molluscum contagiosum(wartlike skin lesion), and cowpox.

Adenoviridae

40-57 nm

Papovaviridae

Papillomavirus (Human wart virus) Polyomavirus

Double-stranded DNA enveloped 200-350nm

Poxviridae

Orthopoxvirus(vacci na and small pox viruses) Molluscipoxvirus

Characteristics

Viral Family

Important Genera

Special Features

150-200 nm

Herpesviridae

Simplexvirus (HHV-1 & 2) Variccellovirus (HHV-3) Lymphocryptovirus (HHV-4) Cytomegalovirus(HHV-5) Roseoolovirus (HHV-6)

HHV-7 42nm
Hepadniviridae

Medium size viruses that cause various diseases, such as fever blisters, chicken pox, shingles, and infectious mononucleosis; causes a type of human cancer called Burkitts lymphoma After protein synthesis, Hepatitis B virus uses reverse transcriptase to produce its DNA from mRNA; causes Hepatitis B and liver tumor Atleast 70 human enteroviruses are known, incliuding polio-, coxsackie-, and echoviruse; more than 100 rhinoviruse exist and are the most common cause of colds. Includes causes of gastroenteretitis and one cause of human Hepatitis.

Kaposi sarcoma (HHV-8) Hepanadvirus (Hepatitis B virus)

Single-stranded RNA, + Strand Non-enveloped 28-30nm

Piconarviridae

Enterovirus Rhinovirus (Common colds virus) Hepatitis A virus

35-40nm

Caliciviridae

Hepa E virus Norovirus

Characteristics

Viral Family
Togaviridae

Important Genera

Special Features

Single-stranded RNA, + Strand enveloped 60-70 nm

Alphavirus Ribivirus (rubella virus)

Included many viruses transmitted by arthropods(Alphavirus); diseases include eastern equinine encephalitis; and western equinine encephalitis. Rubella virus is transmitted by the respiratory route. Can replicate in arthropods that transmit them; diseases include yellow fever, dengue, St. Louis encephalitis, and West Nile Virus Associated with upper respiratory tract infections and common colds

40-50 nm

Flaviviridae

Flavivirus Pestivirus Hepatitis C virus

Nidovirales 80-160nm

Coronaviridae

Coronavirus

Growing Bacteriophages in the Laboratory

The plaque method mixes bacteriophages with host bacteria and nutrient agar. After several viral multiplication cycles, the bacteria in the area surrounding the original virus are destroyed; the area of the lysis is called plaque. Each plaque originates with a single viral particle; the concentration viruses is given as plaque-forming units.

Plaque Method

Viral plaques formed by bacteriophages

Growing Animal Viruses in the Laboratory

Cultivation of some animal viruses requires whole animals. Simian AIDS and feline AIDS provide models for studying human AIDS.

Inoculation of an Embryonated Egg

Cell Cultures

The cytophatic effect of viruses

Viral Identification
Serological test are used most often to identify viruses.

Viruses may be identified by:

Restriction Fragment Length Polymorphisms (RFLPs)

Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR)