Material Ch21

Teaching Resource in Design of Steel Structures
IIT Madras, SERC Madras, Anna Univ., INSDAG

1
COMPOSITE BEAMS-I

2
CONTENTS
INTODUCTION
ELASTIC BEHAVIOUR OF COMPOSITE BEAMS
SHEAR CONNECTORS
ULTIMATE LOAD BEHAVIOUR OF COMPOSITE
BEAM
SERVICEABILITY LIMIT STATES
CONCLUSION

3
INTRODUCTION
- ADVANTAGES

- effective utilisation of steel and concrete.
- more economical steel section (in terms of depth and weight) is
adequate in composite construction when compared with
conventional non-composite construction.
- enhanced headroom due to reduction in construction depth
- less deflection than steel beams.
- efficient arrangement to cover large column free space.
- amenable to fast-track construction.
- encased steel beam sections have improved fire resistance and
corrosion.

4
ELASTIC BEHAVIOUR OF COMPOSITE BEAMS
No interaction case
Effect of shear connection on
bending and shear stresses

5
ELASTIC BEHAVIOUR OF COMPOSITE BEAMS -1
Maximum bending stress

Maximum shear stress

maximum deflection
2
2
max
8
3
bh
w
I
My
f

= =
bh
w
bh
w
q
8
3 1
4 2
3
max

= =
3
4 4
64
5
384
) 2 / ( 5
Ebh
w
EI
w
= = o

6
Tensile strain at the bottom fibre of the upper beam and the
compression stress at the top fibre of the lower beam is
2
2 2
max
8
) 4 ( 3
Ebh
x w
EI
My
x

= =

c

7
/2
-/2
Typical Deflections, slip strain and slip.

8
Maximum bending stress

Maximum shear stress

maximum deflection
2
2
max
16
3
bh
w
I
My
f

= =
bh
w
h b
w
q
8
3
) 2 (
1
2 2
3
max

= =
3
4
256
5
Ebh
w
= o
100% interaction case

9
Uplift Forces
Shear stress variation over
span length

10
SHEAR CONNECTORS
Types of shear connectors

Rigid type

Flexible type

Bond or anchorage type

11
SHEAR CONNECTORS -1
rigid connectors

12
SHEAR CONNECTORS -2
Flexible connectors

13
SHEAR CONNECTORS - 4
(ii). Helical connector
Typical bond or anchorage
connectors

14
Characteristics of shear connectors
Load/Slip characteristics
Typical load-slip curve for 19mm stud
connectors

15
k=
Idealised load-slip characteristics

16
push- out tests for
determining load-slip curve
Standard push test
[Eurocode 4]

17
Standard test for shear
connectors
(As per IS: 11384-1985)
SHEAR CONNECTORS -8

18
Load bearing mechanism of shear connectors

Transfer of force at a shear
connector

19
Dowel mechanism of shear studs
dowel
Bearing stress on the shank of a stud connector

20
Strength of connectors
dowel strength (D) is a function of the following
parameters: -

D = f [A
d
, f
u
,( f
ck
)
cy
, E
c
/E
s
]

design resistance of shear studs with h/d > 4.

v
2
u
Rd
4 d f 8 0
P
t ) / ( .
=
v
2 1
cm cy ck
2
Rd
E f d 29 0
P
/
) ) (( .
=

21
ULTIMATE LOAD BEHAVIOUR OF COMPOSITE BEAM
- The tensile strength of concrete is ignored.
- Plane sections of both structural steel and reinforced
concrete remain plane after bending.
- The effective area of concrete resists a constant stress of
0.85 (f
ck
)
cy
/
c
(where (f
ck
)
cy
)=cylinder strength of concrete;
and
c
=partial safety factor for concrete) over the depth
between plastic neutral axis and the most compressed
fibre of concrete.
- The effective area of steel member is stressed to its design
yield strength f
y
/
a
where f
y
is the yield strength of steel
and
a
is the material safety factor for steel.

22
Reinforced concrete slabs, with profiled sheeting
supported on steel beams

IS: 11384 1985, gives no reference to profiled deck slab
and partial shear connection
Resistance to sagging bending moment in plastic or compact
sections for full interaction.
0.85(f
ck
)
cy
/

c
0.85(f
ck
)
cy
/
c

0.85(f
ck
)
cy /
c

D
T
t
B

23
Full shear connection

Neutral axis within the concrete slab

Neutral axis within the steel top flange

The neutral axis lies within web
) 2 / ( x h h
f A
M
t g
a
y a
p
+ =
2 / ) ( ) 2 / (
. t c ac c t g pl a p
h h x N h h h N M + + =
2 / ) (
) 2 / 2 / ( ) 2 / (
.
.
c f t w a
c f t acf c t g pl a p
h t h x N
h t h N h h h N M
+ +
+ + =

24
partial shear connections are provided

to achieve economy.
when there is problem of accommodating shear
connectors uniformly.

the force resisted by the connectors are
taken as their total capacity (F
c
< F
cf
)
between points of zero and maximum
moment.

Partial shear connection

25
Degree of shear connection =

the neutral axis is within top flange

cf
c
f
p
F
F
n
n
=
2 2
c t a
c
c
t g a.pl Rd
x h x
F )
x
h (h N M
+
+ =

26
0.85(f
ck
)
cy
/
c

Resistance to sagging bending of composite
section in class 1 or 2 for partial interaction
If the neutral axis lies in web
2
)
2
(
2
) (
.
f t a
aw
f
t cf
c c
t g pl a Rd
t h x
N
t
h N
x F
h h N M
+
+ + =

27
Design methods of partial shear connection
M
Rd
/ M
p

M
ap
/ M
p

F
c
/ F
cf

0.7

28
Moment of resistance reduces due to partial
shear connection.
The curve ABC is not valid for very low value of
shear connection.
At F
c
/F
cf
= 0.7, the required bending resistance
is slightly below M
p
.
saving in the cost of shear connectors can be
achieved without unduly sacrificing the
moment capacity.
for design purpose the curve ABC is replaced
by a straight-line AC given by

cf
ap p
ap
c
F
M M
M M
S
=

29
SERVICEABILITY LIMIT STATES

For simply supported composite beams the
most critical serviceability Limit State is
usually deflection.
the effect of vibration, cracking of concrete,
etc. should also be checked under
serviceability criteria.
in exposed condition, it is preferred to design
to obtain full slab in compression to avoid
cracking in the shear connector region.

30
Stresses and deflection in service
elastic analysis is employed to check the serviceability
performance of composite beam.
concrete area is converted into equivalent steel area by
applying modular ratio m = (E
s
/E
c
).
analysis is done in terms of equivalent steel section.
It is assumed that full interaction exists between steel beam
and concrete slab.
effect of reinforcement in compression, the concrete in
tension and the concrete between rib of profiled sheeting are
ignored.

31
For distributed load w over a simply supported
composite beam, the deflection at mid-span is

For partial shear connections the increase in
deflection occurs due to longitudinal slip. Total
deflection,

with k= 0.5 for propped construction

and k = 0.3 for un-propped construction

o
a
= deflection of steel beam acting alone

I E
wL
a
c
384
5
4
= o
|
|
.
|
\
|
|
|
.
|
\
|
|
|
.
|
\
|
+ = 1 1 1
c
a
f
c
N
N
k
o
o
o o

32
The increase in deflection can be disregarded

- either n
p
/n
f
> 0.5 or when force on connector
does not exceed 0.7 P
RK
where P
RK
is the
characteristic resistance of the shear
connector; and

- when the transverse rib depth is less than 80
mm.

33
Effects of shrinkage of concrete and of temperature
In case of composite beam the slab is restrained from
shrinking by steel beam.

shear connectors resist the force arising out of shrinkage,
by inducing a tensile force on concrete which reduces the
apparent shrinkage of composite beam than the free
shrinkage.

no account of this force is taken in design as it acts in the
direction opposite to that caused by load.

the increase in deflection due to shrinkage may be
significant.

34
In an approximate approach the increase in deflection in
a simply supported beam is taken as the long-term
deflection due to weight of the concrete slab acting on
the composite member.

Generally the span/depth ratios specified by codes take
care of the shrinkage deflection.

check on shrinkage deflection should be done in case of
thick slabs resting on small steel beams, electrically
heated floors and concrete mixes with high free
shrinkage.

35
Vibration
To design a floor structure, only the source of
vibration near or on the floor need be
considered.
Other sources such as machines, lift or cranes
should be isolated from the building.
In most buildings following two cases are
considered-
People walking across a floor with a pace
frequency between 1.4 Hz and 2.5 Hz.
An impulse such as the effect of the fall of a
heavy object.

36
Curves of constant human response to
vibration, and Fourier component factor

37
Natural frequency of beam and slab

Response factor
Cross-section of vibrating floor structure
showing typical fundamental mode

38
CONCLUSION
the theory of composite beam and the
underlying philosophy behind its evolution
were discussed.

The design procedures of simply supported as
well as continuous beams have been
elaborately discussed.

Material Ch21

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Material Ch21

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Teaching Resource in Design of Steel Structures

IIT Madras, SERC Madras, Anna Univ., INSDAG

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