Topologies

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Chapter Objectives

Explain the different topologies Explain the structure of various topologies Compare different topologies

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Recall

LAN types are Ethernet, Token Ring, Token bus and Fiber Distributed Data Interface (FDDI). OSI layers are Physical, Data Link, Network, Transport, Session, Presentation and Application layer The factors of network selection criteria are Performance, Reliability and Security Standards organization is unit which develops, maintains, improves, amends and revises standards

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Introducing Topologies

Topology refers to physical or logical arrangement of network Physical topologies are

Single Node Bus Star Ring Mesh Tree Hybrid

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Single Node Topology - I

Single device, at times device called dumb terminal is connected to the server Devices operates on files from server and returns them back after completing task

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Single Node Topology - II

Advantages:

Disadvantages:

Easy to install, configure and manage

Network consists of single device

Least expensive
Single cable is required

Dumb terminal is dependent on server

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Bus topology - I

All devices are connected to a common cable called trunk Maximum segment length of cable is 200 m Maximum of 30 devices per segment

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Bus topology - II

Server is at one end and devices are at different positions 50 ohm terminator is used Devices are not responsible for data transmission Number of collisions are more Daisy chain method can be used to add more devices

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Bus topology - III

Advantages:

Disadvantages:

Installation of devices is easy

If backbone breaks, entire network gets down Difficult to isolate problems Limited number of devices

Requires less cable compared to star topology

Less expensive and works better for smaller networks

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Star Topology - I

Each device is connected to a central device called hub through cable Data passes through hub before reaching destination

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Star Topology - II

Advantages:

Disadvantages:

Easy to install, configure, manage and expand Centralized management Addition or removal of device does not affect the whole network

Requires more cable Failure of hub affects entire network More Expensive

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Case Study 1
Hyderabad branch of the MoneyMaker bank has built an insurance department in such a way that each device is connected to one another. This department consists of seven agents. It is required that agents should handle only their specific clients since the information is confidential. But in the existing topology the data is not secured. So, Smith, the network administrator, wants to switch over to other topology.

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Problem

Design a new type of network for this department.

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Suggested Solution

The current topology implemented by the bank is mesh in which information is shared between different devices. To obtain security of data star network seems to be the best choice. It also provides ease of troubleshooting, centralized management and ease of reconfiguration.

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Ring Topology - I

Devices are connected in a closed loop All devices have equal access to media Device waits for its turn to transmit Most common type is Token Ring

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Ring Topology - II

Advantages:

Disadvantages:

Data travels at greater speed No collisions Handles large volume of traffic

More cabling is required compared to bus One faulty device affects the entire network Addition of devices affect network
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Dual Ring Topology

Consists of two independent primary and secondary rings Secondary ring is redundant, used only when primary stops functioning

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Mesh Topology - I

Used in WANs to interconnect LANs Every device is connected to every other device Use routers to determine the best path of communication

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Mesh Topology - II
Types

Full mesh

Partial mesh

Full mesh topology All devices are connected to each other Partial mesh topology - Some devices are connected to only those with whom they exchange most of the data
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Mesh Topology - III

Advantages:

Disadvantages:

Improves fault tolerance

Difficult to install and manage Each link from one device to other requires individual NIC Very much expensive
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Failure of one link does not affect entire network Centralized management is not required

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Tree Topology - I

Connects groups of star networks Devices are wired to root hub Root hub is connected to second level devices Lowest level devices are smaller computers

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Tree Topology - II

Advantages:

Disadvantages:

Easy to add new devices Point-to-point wiring for each device Fault detection is easy

Difficult to configure If backbone breaks, entire network goes down More expensive

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Hybrid Topology - I

Combines two or more different physical topologies Commonly Star-Bus or Star-Ring Star-Ring uses Multistation Access Unit (MAU)

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Hybrid Topology - II

Advantages:

Disadvantages:

Used for creating larger networks

Installation and configuration is difficult

Handles large volume of traffic

Fault detection is easy

More expensive than other topologies

More cabling is required

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Case Study 2
MoneyMaker Bank at Mumbai has implemented a star topology in their IT department. All computers are connected to the central switch. In the Loan department, all computers are connected in closed loop format. Network administrator, John wants to connect these two networks so that data can be shared among different departments.

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Problem

Connect two different departments

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Suggested Solution
The administrator can join these two star and ring networks to form a hybrid network with the help of Multistation Access Unit (MAU). It is a centralized hub. Ensure that there is no break in the link between two computers in a ring network and switch in star network is working properly.

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Summary - I

Network is an interconnection of many communicating entities that are connected for the purpose of data communication Topology describes the way in which networking devices are connected to each other Physical topologies are how the wires are interconnected, while logical topology is how the network behaves and interoperates Different types of topologies are Single Node, Star, Bus, Ring, Mesh, Tree and Hybrid
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Summary - II

In a single node topology, just a single device called dumb terminal is connected to the server Bus topology connects each device to a single cable and at either end of the cable terminator is used to remove unsent data from the cable In star topology, multiple devices are connected to a central connection point known as hub or switch In a ring topology, data travels around the loop in one direction and passes through each device

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Summary - III

In a mesh topology, every device is connected to each and every node in the network with many redundant interconnections at least two paths to and from every node Tree topology connects multiple star networks to other star networks using bus topology Hybrid topology is a combination of different topologies such as Star-Bus or Star-Ring

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