p.

34

Review
Acceleration: the rate of change of velocity.
Acceleration means a an object will start to move if at

rest, and if moving, it will speed up, slow down, or change direction.

The relationship between force, mass, and acceleration.

Concept question
A rocket taking off straight upward develops a thrust of 10,000 N. The rocket weighs 2,000 N. The net force on the rocket, neglecting air resistance, is
a.zero b.2,000 N c.8,000 N d.10,000 N e.12,000 N

Concept question
A rocket taking off straight upward develops a thrust of 10,000 N. The rocket weighs 2,000 N. The net force on the rocket, neglecting air resistance, is
a.zero b.2,000 N c.8,000 N d.10,000 N e.12,000 N

Force causes acceleration

Examples: kick a ball, drop a ball, push down on the gas

pedal or brake, turn the wheel. Acceleration requires a net force. (Recall the 1st Law and the equilibrium rule.) Newtons First Law says that it requires a net force to accelerate an object. Newtons Second Law tells how much acceleration the object will have when a net force is applied. Acceleration Net force

Fig. 4.2

Friction forces
Always oppose the direction of motion (or the

direction of impending motion.) It depends on the two surfaces in contact and how much they are being pushed together. Static friction and sliding friction. Static is always greater than sliding.

Fig. 4.4

Fig. 3-12, p.49

222Static Friction
?
Push Force Static

Text p 52

Kinetic

Can there be motion (constant velocity? acceleration?)

Kinetic Friction
?
Push Force Static

Kinetic

Can there be motion (constant velocity? acceleration?)

Friction facts
ABS brakes prevent skids and thus insure your tires

can use static friction to stop. Friction forces do not depend on speed or surface area! So why the big tires, dude?

Mass vs. Weight

Mass The amount of matter (stuff) in an object. It is the same no matter (no pun intended) where the object is.

Weight It is the force of gravity on an object. It is directly proportional to mass (weight = mg) where m is in kilograms. (g = 9.8m/s2)

W mg

Weightless in space? Massless in space?

Fig 4.6

The astronaut and the anvil Is the anvil easier to accelerate from rest in space or on
earth? What if the anvil has much more mass? Mass resists acceleration.
Fig. 4.7

Fig. 4.11

XXXNewtons 2nd Law of Motion (text p 56-57)

Acceleration net force, But, acceleration 1/mass So acceleration net force/mass

Fnet a m
If the force is in newtons (N) and the mass is in kilograms (kg)

then

Fnet a m

or

F a m

or . . .

Newtons 2nd Law of Motion (text p 56-57)

Fnet N but a m kg
So

v m / s m a 2 t s s

N m 2 kg s

Or

1 N 1 kg 1 m

Free Fall: Why is g the same regardless of the mass of the falling object??
The force of gravity is the

Only force
acting on an object in free fall, and is equal to the objects weight (x g).

Fig. 4.12

YouTube - Feather & Hammer Drop on Moon

In the presence of air resistance Net force is less than weight Fnet = weight air resistance Fnet = mg R Acceleration less than g

Air resistance depends upon

Frontal (cross-sectional) area of falling object

Speed of falling object

Mr. Green has fallen farther than Mr. Blue (before air resistance = weight).
Why? Mr. Greens mass = 100 kg Mr. Blues mass = 50 kg
Fig. 4:15

Mr. Greens weight = ?

Mr Blues weight = ?

Mr. Green has fallen farther than Mr. Blue (before air resistance = weight). Why?
Mr. Greens mass = 100 kg

Mr. Blues mass = 50 kg

Fig. 4:15

Mr. Greens weight = 1000 N Mr Blues weight = 500 N Starting Air Resistance = 200 N

Dont confuse the force with the effect of the force !

Speed is increasing at the same time acceleration is decreasing

speed increases air resistance increases

Fig. 4.14

net force decreases (weight air resistance)

acceleration decreases (can this happen while speed increases?)

air resistance increases

until air resistance force = weight force . . . then . . .

When air resistance force = weight force

WHAT DO WE HAVE? !!!
Hint . . . the net force is ?

When air resistance force = weight force

EQUILIBRIUM !!!
Net Force = 0 Acceleration = 0

Velocity = constant . . . and this is . . .

Terminal velocity !!!

Equalibrium of Forces
Sum of forces = 0
Net force = 0 Acceleration = 0 Velocity = constant

Why do Sky Divers flatten out?

to increase air resistance to decrease net force (F) to reach terminal velocity quicker so terminal velocity is smaller

so . . . when at terminal velocity are we also at equilibrium?!!!

Skydiving Terminal Velocity (text p 59)

Normal position closed parachute
120 mi/h
50% - 3 sec; 90% - 8 sec; 99% - 15 sec
Vt 2mg ACd

Pull in arms and legs

200 mph

Head down position (speed skydiving)

Current world record: 382 mi/h

Open parachute 11.5 mi/h

Terminal Velocities of Some Objects

Baseball Golf ball Hail Stone Raindrop

m/s 33 32 14 9

mi/hr 74 72 31 20