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AZINAH
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1102489
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ROSLIEZA ISMAIL 1102497
1102505
Syntax
study of the structure or arrangement of the components in phrases or sentences. Also concerns looking at the structural and functional relationships of the elements in a phrases or sentences ( the order of the words in a phrase or sentence contributes to its interpretation and meaning. By looking at the order of the words, the reader would get the information on who is doing what to whom. Example:
The cat chased the mouse. The mouse chased the cat. Both sentences contain similar words. The order of the words in the sentences allow the readers to interpret the different meaning of the sentences.
Syntactic Structure
Words in a phrase or a sentence could be group together to form meaning. The group of words refer as syntactic unit or constituent. It is crucial to study the syntactic unit in learning a particular language to interpret the meaning related by the structure. Example : the phrase old man with a knife on the table can be group as:
1st : [old man with a knife] [ on the table] 2nd : [old man] [with a knife on the table]
The syntactic structure in the1st and the 2nd phrases have different meanings based on how the words are group. 1st means the old man carries a knife and the old man is on the table 2nd means the knife is on the table and not the old man.
By grouping the words phrases can be interpreted in two different ways base
on how the words are group. - because the phrase can be divided into two different syntactic structures - this phrase is categorized as having structural ambiguity.
Constituents
Refers to the structural units of a sentence that represent particular organization in a sentence. The grouping of words in a sentence into constituents are done using several linguistics tests;
sentence.
example ; the boy can be moved to the beginning of the sentence. the boy is a constituent. Jimmy will see [the boy]. [The boy], Jimmy will see.
SUMMARY
a group of words in a sentence can stand on its own a group of words can be move to the beginning of a sentence a group of words can be substitute with a pronoun
a constitute
A group of words may be consider as a constitute even if they do not fulfill the tests above
Syntactic Categories
A group of expressions or phrases that can be use interchangeably and the structure remains grammatically correct
A verb phrase contain a verb and other syntactic categories like a noun phrase (NP) and ;
prepositional phrase (PP), contains a preposition and follow by a noun phrase such as on the floor.
Example; drew the painting drew is a VP (verb phrase) and the painting is a NP (noun
phrase).
Preposition (P)
Adjective (Adj) Adverb (Adv) Determiner (Det)
Auxiliary (Aux)
Modals
The following table shows a list of symbols and abbreviations commonly found in syntactic descriptions: S sentence
N
Pro V Adj
noun
pronoun verb adjective
Adv
Art Prep NP
adverb
article preposition noun phrase
VP
PP
verb phrase
prepositional phrase
Use to label constituents in a sentence. Labeling one way to analyze a sentence in an explicit way by categorizing the constituents according to hierarchy in form of tree diagram
Tree Diagrams
Linguists see that the string of words in a sentence can be group into groups of words that are called constituents
NP
VP
Det
Noun
Verb
NP
The
girl
buys
Det
Noun
the
flowers
NP
VP
Det
Noun
Verb
NP
These
women
plan
Det
Noun
the
wedding
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