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CELLULAR PRINCIPLE
INTERFERENCE PROBLEM INTERFERENCE AND SYSTEM CAPACITY FREQUENCY REUSE PATTERN TRUNKING EFFICIENCY CELLULAR ENVIRONMENT CAPACITY CONSIDERATIONS FUTURE TRENDS
Tel Ex.
WIRED NETWORK
100,000 50 Khz = 5 Ghz (NOT POSSIBLE) Hence Individual RF Loop is not extended But a Common group of channels is shared
Bandwidth requirements
The amount of frequency required depends on 1) The No. of subscriber to be served in the geographical service area( GSA) 2) The traffic that each user is expected to have. 3) The channel bandwidth required for an active duplex communication.
An example
-Let us examine the spectrum required to serve 1000 subscriber/sq.km in a base station of 3 km cell radious. -Expected traffic that each user is say-----0.15 Erlang. -Assuming that 32 kbps ADPCM voice coading is used, the communication involving voice data, signaling data & other overheads etc would required atleast 100KHz channel width for duplex communication .
Solution.
Total no.of subscriber that the base station of 3km cell radious must serve will be
1000subscriber/sq.km* 30 Sq.Km = 30,000subs-----------(2)
With 0.15 Erlang traffic per subscriber,the no of channel (on demand) required will be 30,000subs * 0.15 Erlang traffic per sub =4500 channels ------(3) There fore, Frequency spectrum required with 100khz channel width for duplex voice communication will be 4500 channels* 100khz =450000KHz =450 MHz
Thus a frequency bandwidth of 450 MHz can serve only 30,000 subs in abase station of 3Km cell radious. Imagine the bandwidth required for 5,00,000 Subs in a mobile network? Is it possible to allocate such alarge frequency spectrum to each cellular operator ?
WHICH IS IMPOSSIBLE TO BE ALLOCATED HENCE FREQUENCY REUSE IS A MUST TO COVER THE TOTAL SERVICE AREA WITH A LIMITED AVAILABLE RF RESOURCES HENCE THE NEED FOR A CELLULAR PRINCIPLE
AMPS
TACS
1983
1985
USA
Europe & China
2 G:- Digital Cellular Systems DAMPS GSM 1991 1991 USA World-wide
CDMA
1993
Essential Principals of Cellular concepts 1. Low power 2. Frequency re-use 3. Cell splitting 4. Hand off
3. Co-channel separation
ASSUMPTIONS
Traffic /User = 30 mE
GOS = 1%
2 7 3
1
6 5 4
A CLUSTER OF CELLS
3 7 4 5
D
12 3 456 7
Frequency Reuse Pattern N=7
CELLULAR
PRINCIPLE
N=7
Higher Q
Lower Q
N 1 3 4 7 9 12
LOWER Q
f3
1 3 * Omni Directional
2
f3 1 f1 3 *
2
f1
1
3 * 2 f1
f2 Three Sectored Cell GSM = 4/12 ; 4 Cell Pattern & each cell with 3 sectors
CELL / SECTOR
4/12
7/21
1C
4A 4B
3B
= BTS = BSC
Frequency Assignment
1A - 1,13,25,37,49,61,73,85,97,109,121 2A - 2,14,26,38,50,62,74,86,98,110,122 1B - 5,17,29,41,53,65,77,89,101,113
1C - 9,21,33,45,57,69,81,93,
CELLULAR MOBILE CONCEPTS Start Up Cells With Larger Diameter Mature Cells With Smaller Diameters
Q = D/R = 3N = 6 ( S/ I)
HIGHER N IMPROVES S/I HIGHER N REDUCES Traffic Chls /Cell Reduced Traffic Handling Capacity of the system
Increased RF Chs /Cell Further Increase in Traffic Handling Capacity of the System
Erlang B Model
1.0%
2%
5 10 20 33 50 56 99 100
1 2 3 4 5
5 10 20 50 100
G O S 2%
More The Number Of Access Channels In A Cell Further Increase In The System Handling Capacity
TRUNKING EFFICIENCY 10 10
20
50 subs
50 subs
It is better to have a single cell than to split into two with half the number of access channels
132 Subs
4 7 12
99 56 33
14 18.7 28.3
Frequency Re-use
In a given country with, say, two different GSM networks will each use half the 124 (i.e. 62) GSM900 carriers Clearly, even using TDMA technology this is an extremely small number of carrier frequencies to support a GSM network in a complete country All cellular networks address this problem by what is termed frequency re-use
Frequency Re-use
Frequency re-use means that the same set of carrier frequencies being used in one cell can be re-used in the network in a different cell However, the cells re-using the same carriers must not be adjacent as they would interfere with one another In practice, these cell must be distant from one another Typical re-use distance is 2.5 to 3 times the cell radius
Cell Clusters
Cells in a cellular network are generally grouped together into cell clusters Cellular networks are generally designed as a repeated cluster pattern The number of cells in a cluster (typically 4,7, 12 or 21) is a trade-off between the traffic capacity in the cluster and its interference with the adjacent cluster of cells (where the same frequencies will be re-used)
Trunking
In addition to frequency re-use, cellular network utilise the concept of trunking to support a very large number of subscribers using a much smaller number of channels (i.e. carriers) This is achieved due to the fact that MS access to a traffic channel in all cells is by demand assignment They must first negotiate with the network over a signalling channel to gain access to a traffic channel for the duration of a call As with all trunked systems, there is always the possibility that subscribers will not be able to access the network due to the limited number of traffic channels available
Trunking
They must first negotiate with the network over a signalling channel to gain access to a traffic channel for the duration of a call As with all trunked systems, there is always the possibility that subscribers will not be able to access the network due to the limited number of traffic channels available
Techniques Power Control Channel Coding Interleaving Equalization Slow Frequency Hopping Antenna Diversity
1. Mobile Station
2. Base Station 3. Mobile Switching Center 4.Public Switched Telephone Network
MOBILE COMMUNICATION
BASIC RADIO
INFORMATION
b/s
Hz
BASE BAND
BASE BAND
MODULATOR
MODULATOR
TRANS/RECE
TRANS/RECE
Cellular Principle
Spectrum &C/No
Q P S K or
N=1,3,4,7
Its Variants
MOBILE COMMUNICATION
..
MOBILE SWITCH
MOBILE SUBSCRIBER
TYPICAL ARCHITECTURE
12 12
Lower cell.
# It increases coverage quality & are located in areas, where subscribers have communities of interest (hot Spot) as well as areas that standard cells cannot penetrate (dead spot ) # Small radious-100mtrs -1km
#Antennas- typically deployed below roof lavel,low height, 7-10mtrs above ground level,or mounted on street light &flag poles.
# Frequency reuse- very extensive due to low transmit power & the fact that buildings are used as isolation.
# Slow or stationary mobiles are served by the cells of the lower layer.
Middle cell
# Medium fast mobiles are served.
Upper cell.
# It covers areas that are large compare to middle cells.
Communication - Mobile
Subscriber Line (2W) Inter-Exchange Junction
BSC BTS
Telephone Exchange
Mobile Switching Centre (MSC)
MS
Full Compatibility between mobile stations of various Manufacturers & Networks of different vendors to help roaming
To increase spectral efficency -- Large number of simultaneous calls in a given bandwidth -- Frequency Reuse -- Interference -- Use of Interference Reduction Techniques
GSM
Specifications - I Frequency Bands GSM 900 Mhz DCS 1800 MHz GSM 450 Mhz ?
GSM
Specifications - I
GSM 900 Mhz
Mobile to Cell (UP-LINK) 890 to 915 MHz
935 to 960 MHz Cell to Mobile (DOWN -LINK) GSM 1800 Mhz Mobile to Cell (UP-LINK) Cell to Mobile (DOWN -LINK) -
123
...
Freq
890.2 890.4 890.6 890.8 891.0 915
Mhz.
MOBILE COMMUNICATION
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