06 - Building Ethernet LANs With Switches

ICND I - 01 Ethernet LANs & Switches
www.asghars.blogspot.com
Cisco Press
06 - Building Ethernet LANs with Switches

By Muhammad Asghar Khan asghar.psh@gmail.com
Reference: Cisco CCENT/CCNA ICND1 100-101 Official Cert Guide By WENDELL ODOM
Agenda
Progression from Hub, Bridges & Switches Switching Logic
Processing on Cisco Switches
1/1
LAN Design Consideration

Choice of using Hub, Switch or Router Virtual LANs (VLAN) Choosing Ethernet Technology for a Campus LAN
Ethernet LAN Media & Cable Lengths
Progression from Hub, to Bridge, to Switch

10Base2 & 10Base5
Ethernet started with standard that used physical bus
1/5
created with coaxial cabling (10Base2 & 10Base5)

These standards were vulnerable to single point of failure

10BaseT
2/5
Next came the 10BaseT Ethernet, it allowed for the use of
UTP cabling, and a shared hub, removed single point of failure

But still a single device can send at a time as:
A collision still occur A broadcast is heard by all devices

In 10BaseT network starts suffering from collision, to
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reduce it bridges were added, bridge create a separate collision domain, thus doubled the bandwidth of the 10BaseT network
10BASE-T Network before Adding a Bridge
10BASE-T Network Segmented Using a Bridge
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LAN switches perform the same basic functions of bridges Like bridges, switches segment a LAN into separate parts,
with separate collision domain Switches have potentially large numbers of interfaces, with optimized hardware Each interface creates a separate collision domain, thus switch multiply the available bandwidth One collision domain per interface is called microsegmentation Figure shows, all interfaces are running at 100 Mbps, with four collision domains. Note each interface also uses full duplex
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Switching Logic
address in each frames Ethernet address
1/8
Switching logic is based on the source & destination MAC IEEE defines three categories of Ethernet MAC addresses:
Unicast address; identify a single LAN interface Broadcast address (FFFF:FFFF:FFFF); implies all devices on the
LAN should receive the frame Multicast address; all dynamic subset of devices on a LAN to communicate
Switch uses the dynamic MAC address table that lists MAC
addresses & outgoing interfaces

MAC address table is also called switching table or bridging
table or even Content Addressable Memory (CAM)

Switching Logic
Step 1: To decide when to forward a frame or when to
2/8
The three main actions performed by the switch are:
filter a frame, based on destination MAC address

If the destination address is a broadcast, multicast, or unknown destination unicast (not listed in the MAC table), the switch floods the frame b) If the destination address is a known unicast address (found in the MAC table):
a)
i.
If the outgoing interface listed in the MAC address table is different from the interface in which the frame was received, the switch forwards the frame out the outgoing interface. In LANs with multiple switches, each switch makes an independent forwarding decision based on its own MAC address table
10
Switching Logic
3/8
11
Switching Logic
ii.
4/8
If the outgoing interface is the same as the interface in which the frame was received, the switch filters the frame, meaning that the switch simply ignores the frame and does not forward it
Step 2: To learn MAC addresses by examining the source
MAC address of each frame

a)
For each received frame, examine the source MAC address and note the interface from which the frame was received
If they are not already in the table, add the address and interface, setting the inactivity timer to 0 If it is already in the table, reset the inactivity timer for the entry to 0
b) c)
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Switching Logic
5/8
Switches flood unknown unicast frames (whose destination
MAC addresses are not yet in the address table)

Step 3: Switches use Spanning Tree Protocol (STP) to
prevent loops by causing some interfaces to block, meaning that they do not send or receive frames
Switching Logic
Processing on Cisco Switches
6/8
Almost all recently released switches use store-and-forward
processing With store-and-forward, the switch receive the entire frame before forwarding the first bit of the frame Cisco switch can use a couple of different types of internal processing variations Because the destination MAC address occurs very early in the Ethernet header, a switch can make a forwarding decision long before the switch has received all the bits in the frames Based on this logic Cisco offers two other internal processing methods for switches:
Cut-Through Fragment-Free
Switching Logic
Cut-Through
7/8
With cut-through processing, the switch starts sending the frame
out the output port as soon as possible

This reduce latency, but also propagates frames with errors as FCS
is in the Ethernet trailer

Fragment-Free
Works like cut-through logic, but it wait to receive the first 64
bytes before forwarding a frame

First 64 bytes are considered due to the fact that CSMA/CD logic
detects a collision in the first 64 bytes of a frame

This has less latency then with store-and-forward logic and slightly
more latency than with cut-through

Also frames with errors as a result of collisions are not forwarded
Switching Logic
With high speed links and faster application-specific
8/8
integrated circuits (ASIC), todays switches typically use store-and-forward processing, bcz the improved latency of the cut-through and fragment-free is negligible at these speeds
Table below summarizes the switch internal processing
16

large LAN
When building a medium to large LAN, you have more
1/15
Here we take a broader look at how to design medium to
product choices to make:

Such as when to use hubs, switches, and routers Which LAN switch to choose (switches vary in size, number of
ports, performance, features, and price)

Decide to choice the UTP cabling or fiber optic cabling option
Choice of using Hub, Switch or Router

The terms collision domain and broadcast domain define
two important effects of the process of segmenting LANs using various devices

The goal is to define how hubs, switches, and routers
2/15
impact collision domains and broadcast domains

Collision Domains
A collision domain is the set of LAN interfaces whose frames
could collide with each other, but not with frames sent by any other devices in the network
Figure on next slide illustrtes collision domains Each separate segment, or collision domain, is shown with a
dashed-line circle in the figure

The switch on the right separates the LAN into different
collision domains for each port
18

collision domains
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Both bridges and routers also separate LANs into different Hub near the center of the network does not create multiple
collision domains for each interface
19

Broadcast Domains
A broadcast domain encompasses a set of devices for
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which, when one of the devices sends a broadcast, all the other devices receive a copy of the broadcast Figure depicts the broadcast domains Router does not forward a LAN broadcast sent by a PC on the left to the network segment on the right
20

Thats is why routers are sometime called broadcast
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firewall Switches create a single broadcast domain, as switches flood broadcasts and multicasts on all ports
Use switch instead of hubs to create different collision
domains and there by enabling the full duplex communication Broadcasts happen, as all hosts need to send some broadcast to function properly (e.g. IP ARP messages), but broadcast do require all the hosts to spend time processing each broadcast frame But if 500 PCs connected to switches, the broadcast could start to impact the performance of the end-user PCs
6/15
However, a design that separated the 500 PCs into five
groups of 100, separated from each other by router, would create five broadcast domains, and thus improves performance
Smaller broadcast domains also improve security due to
robust security features in routers

Table lists the benefits of segmenting Ethernet devices
using hubs, switches and routers
22

Virtual LANs (VLAN)
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A LAN consists of all devices in the same broadcast domain
With VLANs configuration, a switch can put some interfaces
into one broadcast domain and some into another

These individual broadcast domains created by the switch are
called virtual LANs

Figure shows
sample network with two broadcast domains, two switches & no VLANs
8/15
Alternately, you can create multiple broadcast domains
using a single switch Figure shows the same two broadcast domains as in previous figure, now implemented as two different VLANs on single switch You may also need to use VLAN:
To group users by department
To reduce workload for STP To enforce security, by limiting
sensitive data users to separate VLAN To separate traffic from IP phone from traffic sent by PC

Choosing Ethernet Technology for a Campus LAN
The term campus LAN refers to the LAN created to
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support larger buildings, or multiple buildings in somewhat close proximity to one another
When planning and designing a campus LAN, the
engineers must consider the types of Ethernet available and the cabling lengths supported by each type
Also the engineer must consider the type of equipment
that is already installed and whether an increase in speed on some segments is worth the cost of buying new equipment

Cisco-oriented LAN designs use some common
10/15
terminology to refer to the design

Figure shows a typical design of a large campus LAN,
with the terminology included in the figure
26

in a campus design:
Access Distribution , and Core
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Cisco uses three terms to describe the role of each switch
Access Switches
Access switches connect directly to end users, providing
access to the LAN Access switches should not be expected to forward traffic between two other switches Access switches tend to be smaller and less expensive Each of the access switches must use at least two uplinks to two different distribution switches for redundancy

Distribution Switches
Distribution switches provides an aggregation point for
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access switches, forwarding frames between switches, but not connecting directly to end-user devices
It
provides some cabling advantages and potential performance advantages, e.g. for 30 access layer switches to be cabled directly, the LAN would need 435 cables. Instead, by connecting each 30 access switches to two distribution switches, requires 60 cables from each access switch to the distribution switch has more availability
Switches with faster forwarding rates and with two uplinks
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Core Switches
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Core switches aggregates distribution switches in very large
campus LANs
Core switches provide extremely high forwarding rates
these days into the hundreds of millions of frames per second

Medium to smaller campus LANs often forego the concept
of core switches
Ethernet LAN Media & Cable Lengths
An engineer must consider the length of each cable run
and then find the best type of Ethernet and cabling type that supports that length of cable
14/15
The three most common types of Ethernet today (10BASE-T,
100BASE-TX, and 1000BASE-T) have the same 100-meter cable restriction, but they use lightly different cables
Several types of Ethernet define the use of fiber-optic cables Optical cables support a variety of much longer distances than
the 100 meters supported by Ethernet on UTP cables

Switches can use lasers to generate the light, as well as light-
emitting diodes (LED)

The maximum distances of optical cable (single-mode or
multimode) is dependent up on the use of laser switches (often with single-mode fiber)or LED switches (often with multimode fiber)

cable types and length limitations
15/15
Table lists the more common types of Ethernet and their
Most engineers simply remember the general distance
limitations and then use a reference chart (such as the table ) to remember each specific detail
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06 - Building Ethernet LANs With Switches

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ICND I - 01 Ethernet LANs & Switches

06 - Building Ethernet LANs with Switches

LAN Design Consideration

Ethernet LAN Media & Cable Lengths

Progression from Hub, to Bridge, to Switch

created with coaxial cabling (10Base2 & 10Base5)

Progression from Hub, to Bridge, to Switch

Next came the 10BaseT Ethernet, it allowed for the use of

UTP cabling, and a shared hub, removed single point of failure

Progression from Hub, to Bridge, to Switch

10BASE-T Network before Adding a Bridge

10BASE-T Network Segmented Using a Bridge

Progression from Hub, to Bridge, to Switch

Progression from Hub, to Bridge, to Switch

addresses & outgoing interfaces

table or even Content Addressable Memory (CAM)

The three main actions performed by the switch are:

filter a frame, based on destination MAC address

Step 2: To learn MAC addresses by examining the source

MAC address of each frame

Switches flood unknown unicast frames (whose destination

MAC addresses are not yet in the address table)

Almost all recently released switches use store-and-forward

With cut-through processing, the switch starts sending the frame

out the output port as soon as possible

is in the Ethernet trailer

bytes before forwarding a frame

detects a collision in the first 64 bytes of a frame

more latency than with cut-through

LAN Design Consideration

Here we take a broader look at how to design medium to

product choices to make:

ports, performance, features, and price)

Choice of using Hub, Switch or Router

LAN Design Consideration

impact collision domains and broadcast domains

dashed-line circle in the figure

collision domains for each port

LAN Design Consideration

collision domains for each interface

LAN Design Consideration

LAN Design Consideration

LAN Design Consideration

However, a design that separated the 500 PCs into five

robust security features in routers

using hubs, switches and routers

LAN Design Consideration

A LAN consists of all devices in the same broadcast domain

With VLANs configuration, a switch can put some interfaces

into one broadcast domain and some into another

called virtual LANs

LAN Design Consideration

Alternately, you can create multiple broadcast domains

LAN Design Consideration

LAN Design Consideration

terminology to refer to the design

with the terminology included in the figure

LAN Design Consideration

Cisco uses three terms to describe the role of each switch

LAN Design Consideration

Switches with faster forwarding rates and with two uplinks

LAN Design Consideration

Core switches aggregates distribution switches in very large

these days into the hundreds of millions of frames per second