02 - Fundamentals of Ethernet LANs

Cisco Press
02 - Fundamentals of Ethernet LANs

By Muhammad Asghar Khan asghar.psh@gmail.com
Reference: Cisco CCENT/CCNA ICND1 100-101 Official Cert Guide By WENDELL ODOM
Agenda
Local Area Networks Overview of Ethernet History of Ethernet Common Ethernet Standards Ethernet Media Requirements Ethernet UTP Cabling
UTP Cabling Pinouts for 10BASE-T and 100BASE-T UTP Cabling Pinouts for 1000BASE-T
1/1
Ethernet Data Link Protocols

Ethernet Addressing
Ethernet Type Field Error Detection with FCS
Repeaters, Hubs, Bridges & Switches

2 www.asghars.blogspot.com
Local Area Networks

LANs interconnect host devices over short distances
1/3
LANs can support high speed and a fairly large bandwidth
LAN traffic can be controlled with bridges and switches or
Hubs
Ethernet is the undisputed king of LAN standards today
Historically speaking, several competing LAN standards
existed, including Token Ring, Fiber Distributed Data Interface (FDDI), and Asynchronous Transfer Mode (ATM)
Eventually, Ethernet won out over all the competing LAN
standards
Figure on next slide shows a simple Ethernet LAN or Small
Office / Home Office (SOHO) LAN

Local Area Networks
2/3
Figure on next slide shows a conceptual view of a
typical enterprise LAN in a three-story building

To allow communication between floors, each per-floor
switch connects to one centralized distribution switch

Local Area Networks
3/3
www.asghars.blogspot.com
Overview of Ethernet
The term Ethernet refers to a family of standards that
1/2
dene the Physical and Data Link layers of the LAN networks
Most of the standards dene a different variation of
Ethernet at the Physical Layer, with differences in speed and types of cabling
Additionally, for the Data Link Layer, the IEEE separates the
functions into two sublayers:

The 802.3 Media Access Control (MAC) sublayer The 802.2 Logical Link Control (LLC) sublayer
Ethernet acts like a single LAN technology because it uses
the same data link layer standard (common Ethernet header and trailer)over all types of Ethernet physical links
Overview of Ethernet
Ethernet data link protocols focus on sending an
2/2
Ethernet frame from source to destination Ethernet node

Figure on next slide shows that Ethernet LAN forwards
a data link frame over many types of links
History of Ethernet
1/1
directly on Ethernetthe IEEE 802.3 committee and the IEEE 802.2 committee The 802.3 committee worked on Physical Layer standards as well as a subpart of the Data Link Layer called Media Access Control (MAC) The IEEE assigned the other functions of the Data Link Layer to the 802.2 committee, calling this part of the data link layer the Logical Link Control (LLC) sublayer The two early Ethernet standards were 10BASE5 and 10BASE2. You should not expect to need to implement 10BASE5 or 10BASE2 Ethernet LANs today 10BASE5 and 10BASE2 had limitations on the total length of a cable. With 10BASE5, the limit was 500 m; with 10BASE2, it was 185 m Repeaters were used with 10BASE5 and 10BASE2 www.asghars.blogspot.com standards 8
The IEEE in the early 1980s formed two committees that worked
Common Ethernet Standards
1/2
The T refer to the fact that each of these standards denes the use of UTP cabling, with the T referring to the T in twisted pair. While X refer to the fact that these standards defines the use of fiber optic
Common Ethernet Standards

centralized connection point was introduced
2/2
With 10BASE-T, the concept of cabling each device to a
Originally, 10BASE-T called this centralized connection
Ethernet hub
When building a LAN today, you could choose to use
either a hub or a switch as the centralized Ethernet device to which all the computers connect
Even though modern Ethernet LANs typically use
switches
10
Ethernet Media Requirements
1/1
11
Ethernet UTP Cabling

are:
10BASE-T (Ethernet)
100BASE-T (Fast Ethernet, or FE), and 1000BASE-T (Gigabit Ethernet, or GE)
1/13
The three most common Ethernet standards used today
These three standard use UTP cabling

To create electrical circuit, Ethernet defines how to use
the two wires inside a single twisted pair of wires as shown in figure
To send data, the two devices follow an encoding
scheme
2/13
Ethernet link has three basic components i.e. cable,
connectors on the ends of cable and matching ports on the devices
13

Cable
3/13
Cable holds some copper wires, grouped as twisted pairs
10Base-T and 100Base-T require two pairs of wires, while
1000Base-T requires four pairs

Connectors
Ethernet UTP cables use an RJ-45 connector on both ends
RJ-45 connector has eight physical locations into which
eight wires in the cable can be inserted, called pin positions

Ports
PCs often include the Ethernet ports as part of NIC

UTP Cable, RJ-45 Connectors and Ports
4/13
15

Gigabit Interface Converters (GBIC) or Small-Form Pluggables (SFP)
5/13
Many Cisco switches have a interfaces that use either
GBIC
SFP
UTP Cabling Pinouts for 10BASE-T and 100BASE-T

Straight-Through Cable Pinout
Mostly used when connecting different devices like PC and
switch

Used when the devices on the ends of the cable use
6/13
opposite pins when they transmit data 10Base -T and 100Base-T use two pair of wires in UTP cable, one for each direction as shown in figure
In the figure on last slide, the PC transmits using the top pair,
and the switch on the right transmits using the bottom pair
7/13
As a rule, Ethernet NIC transmitters use the pair connected
to pins 1 and 2, while NIC receivers use a pair of wires at pin position 3 and 6
While the switch knowing those facts do the opposite, their
receivers use the pins 1 and 2, and their transmitters use the pins 3 and 6
Figure shows the straight through cable pinout
18
8/13
Crossover Cable Pinout

Mostly used when connecting like devices like switch to
switch
Because like devices
both transmit on over the same pins, therefore; a Crossover cable is used
19

It crosses the pair at the transmit pins on each device to
9/13
the
receive pins on the opposite device

The figure shows the crossover cable b/w two switches
20
10/13
21

type of cable is needed in each part of network
11/13
For exam, you should be well prepared to choose which
Here the key is to know whether a device acts like a PC
NIC or like a switch

Table lists the devices and the pin pairs they use
Cisco switches have feature called auto-mdix that notices
when the wrong cable is used and automatically changes its logic to make the link work

UTP Cabling Pinouts for 1000BASE-T
1000BASE-T differs from
12/13
cabling and pinouts
10BASE-T and 100BASE-T as far as the
Straight-Through Cable Pinouts

The straight-through cable connects each pin with the same
numbered pin on the other side, but it does so for all eight pins It keeps one pair at pins 1 and 2 and another at pins 2 and 6, just like in the erlier writing. It adds a pair 4 and 5 and the final pair at pins 7 and 8
Crossover Cable Pinouts
Crossover cables crosses the same two-wire pairs as in the
previous Ethernet standards, but it also crosses the two new pairs as well (pair at pins 4,5 with pair at pins 7,8)
23
13/13
24

an Ethernet header, the encapsulated data and an Ethernet trailer
Ethernet Frame
Frame format shown below is commonly used today
1/8
Ethernet data link protocol defines the Ethernet frame:
Fields matter more are discussed in the table on next slide Data and Pad is also Maximum transmission Unit (MTU)
2/8
26

Ethernet Addressing
Ethernet LAN addressing identies either individual
3/8
devices or groups of devices on a LAN

Each address is 6 bytes long, is usually written in
hexadecimal, typically is written with periods separating each set of four hex digits. For example, 0000.0C12.3456 is a valid Ethernet address
Ethernet address are also known as Hardware Addresses,
Physical Addresses or MAC Addresses

Unicast Ethernet Addresses
Identify a single LAN card

burned into the ROM chip on the card
BIAs sometimes are called universally administered
4/8
Each LAN card comes with a burned-in address (BIA) that is
addresses (UAA) because the IEEE universally (well, at least worldwide) administers address assignment
28

Group Addresses
5/8
Identify more than one LAN interface card. The IEEE denes
two general categories of group addresses for Ethernet

Broadcast Addresses: The most often used of the IEEE group
MAC addresses, the broadcast address, has a value of FFFF.FFFF.FFFF (hexadecimal notation). The broadcast address implies that all devices on the LAN should process the frame
Multicast Addresses: Multicast addresses are used to allow a
subset of devices on a LAN to communicate. When IP multicasts over an Ethernet, the multicast MAC addresses used by IP follow this format: 0100.5exx.xxxx, where any value can be used in the last half of the address

LAN MAC Address Terminology and Features
6/8
Ethernet Type Field

The Ethernet type field or Ethernet type sits in the Ethernet
data link layer header

7/8
Its purpose is to help the network processing on routers
and hosts i.e. It identifies the type of network layer (Layer 3) packet inside the Ethernet frame
The device originating the Ethernet frame insert
a value (a hexadecimal number) to identify the type of packet encapsulated inside the Ethernet frame
IEEE manages a list of EthernetType values As shown in figure, a host can send one Ethernet frame
with IPv4 packet and the next Ethernet frame with IPv6 packet, each of these frame will have different Ethernet Type field value, reserved by the IEEE
8/8
Error Detection with FCS

Ethernet Frame Check Sequence (FCS) field gives the
receiving node a way to compare results with the sender, to discover whether errors occurred in the frame Note Error detection does not mean error recovery, Ethernet defines that the errored frame should be discarded, recovery is task of TCP
32

Repeaters
1/4
Repeaters was used with 10BASE5 and 10BASE2 standards
Repeaters connect to multiple cable segments, receive
the electrical signal on one cable, interpret the bits as 1s and 0s, and generate a brand-new, clean, strong signal out the other cable
A repeater does not simply amplify the signal, because
amplifying the signal might also amplify any noise picked up along the way
Repeaters propagate the collisions
33

Hubs
Hubs were introduced to interconnect several host
2/4
devices using one cable for each device

Hub forwards a data frame on all outbound ports, except
on the port through which the frame came in

Hubs requires CSMA/CD logic to work properly. However,
CSMA/CD imposes half-duplex logic on each device, meaning that only one device can send at a time
Hubs also propagate the collisions,
therefore; Data Link Layer (L2) bridges and switches were introduced

Bridges
Bridges create one collision domain per port and can
3/4
forward data frames only on the outbound port that reaches the destination of the frame, as opposed to hubs, which send the frame out on all ports
A bridge is slower than a switch because it uses software
instead of hardware application-specific integrated circuits (ASICs)
35

Switches
Create one collision domain per port and can forward data
4/4
frames only on the outbound port that reaches the destination of the frame
Switches can buffer frames in memory, switches can
completely eliminate collisions on switch ports that connect to a single device

As a result, LAN switches with only one device cabled to each
port of the switch allow the use of full-duplex operation. Full duplex means that an Ethernet card can send and receive concurrently

02 - Fundamentals of Ethernet LANs

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Cisco Press

02 - Fundamentals of Ethernet LANs

Ethernet Data Link Protocols

Repeaters, Hubs, Bridges & Switches

Local Area Networks

LANs can support high speed and a fairly large bandwidth

LAN traffic can be controlled with bridges and switches or

Historically speaking, several competing LAN standards

Office / Home Office (SOHO) LAN

Local Area Networks

Figure on next slide shows a conceptual view of a

typical enterprise LAN in a three-story building

switch connects to one centralized distribution switch

Local Area Networks

functions into two sublayers:

Ethernet acts like a single LAN technology because it uses

Ethernet frame from source to destination Ethernet node

a data link frame over many types of links

Common Ethernet Standards

Common Ethernet Standards

With 10BASE-T, the concept of cabling each device to a

Originally, 10BASE-T called this centralized connection

Ethernet Media Requirements

Ethernet UTP Cabling

The three most common Ethernet standards used today

These three standard use UTP cabling

Ethernet UTP Cabling

Ethernet link has three basic components i.e. cable,

connectors on the ends of cable and matching ports on the devices

Ethernet UTP Cabling

Cable holds some copper wires, grouped as twisted pairs

10Base-T and 100Base-T require two pairs of wires, while

1000Base-T requires four pairs

eight wires in the cable can be inserted, called pin positions

Ethernet UTP Cabling

Ethernet UTP Cabling

Many Cisco switches have a interfaces that use either

UTP Cabling Pinouts for 10BASE-T and 100BASE-T

Ethernet UTP Cabling

Ethernet UTP Cabling

As a rule, Ethernet NIC transmitters use the pair connected

Ethernet UTP Cabling

Crossover Cable Pinout

Ethernet UTP Cabling

receive pins on the opposite device

Ethernet UTP Cabling

Ethernet UTP Cabling

For exam, you should be well prepared to choose which

Here the key is to know whether a device acts like a PC

NIC or like a switch

Cisco switches have feature called auto-mdix that notices

Ethernet UTP Cabling

cabling and pinouts

10BASE-T and 100BASE-T as far as the

Straight-Through Cable Pinouts

Ethernet UTP Cabling

Ethernet Data Link Protocols

Ethernet data link protocol defines the Ethernet frame:

Ethernet Data Link Protocols

Ethernet Data Link Protocols

devices or groups of devices on a LAN

Physical Addresses or MAC Addresses

Ethernet Data Link Protocols

Each LAN card comes with a burned-in address (BIA) that is