BASIC CHEMISTRY

CHAPTER 1: THEORY OF PARTICLES & MATTER CHAPTER 2: CHANGES IN STATE OF PARTICLES

Matter: Anything that occupies space & has mass.

Matter
Made up of tiny & discrete particles

Atom
The smallest particle of an element that can participate in a chemical reaction.

Molecule
A group of 2/> atoms which are chemically bonded together.

Ion
A +ly charged / -ly charged particles.

Element
A substance made only of identical atoms.

Compound
A substance made up of 2/> different atoms / ions.

3. 8. 5. 7. 6. 4.

9. 1. 2.

 Has

a fixed volume and shape.

be compressed. are packed closely together in an orderly

Cannot

Particles

manner.
Strong

forces between the particles. can only vibrate & rotate about their

Particles

fixed positions.

Has a fixed volume.

Does not have a fixed shape but takes the shape of the
container. Cannot be compressed easily.

Particles are packed closely together but not in an

orderly manner. Particles are held together by strong forces but weaker than the forces in a solid. Particles can vibrate, rotate & move throughout the liquid. They collide against each other.

 Does

not have a fixed shape or volume.

Can

be compressed easily.
are very far apart from each other and in

Particles

a random motion.
Weak

forces between the particles. can vibrate, rotate & move freely. The

Particles

rate of collision in gas is greater than liquid.

4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9.

Solid Liquid: Heat energy is absorbed. Liquid Gas: Heat energy is absorbed. Solid Gas: Heat energy is absorbed. Gas Solid: Heat energy is given out. Gas Liquid: Heat energy is given out. Liquid Solid: Heat energy is given out.

Temperature (C)
Solid melting: particles absorb heat energy

Liquid boiling: heat energy is absorbed

b.p

Gas particles absorbs more energy & move faster

m.p

3 Solid particles absorb energy & vibrate faster, kinetic energy increases.

Liquid particles move faster

Time (min)

1.

Exists

in solid state. Temperature below its melting point. The particles are very closely packed together and can only vibrate.
1. 2.

Particles

absorb more energy and vibrate faster. Temperature & kinetic energy increases.
2.

Exists

in solid state. Heat energy absorbed by the particles is enough to overcome the forces of attraction between them. Solid begins to melt & changes into liquid.

2.

3.

Exists in both solid and liquid state. Temperature remain unchanged; the constant temperature is the melting point. Energy absorbed is used to overcome the forces of attraction between the particles.
3.

Exists

in liquid state. The melting process ends.

3. 4.

Exists

in liquid state. Temperature & kinetic energy increases. The particles move faster.

4.

Exists

in liquid state. Heat energy absorbed by the particles is enough to overcome the forces of attraction between them. Liquid begins to change into gas.
4. 5.

Exists

in both liquid and gaseous state. Temperature remains unchanged; the constant temperature is the boiling point. Energy absorbed is used to overcome the forces of attraction between the particles.

5.

Exists

in gaseous state.

5.

6.

The

gas particles continue to absorb more energy & move faster. Temperature increases as heating continues.

Temperature (C)
1 b.p

Gas cooling: particles losing kinetic energy

Liquid cooling: particles losing kinetic energy Liquid freezing: particles moving closer

m.p

Gas condensing: Particles moving closer

5
Solid cooling 6

Time (min)

1.

Exists in gaseous state. The particles have very high energy and move randomly The forces of attraction between the particles are very weak

1.

2.

Exists

in gaseous state. Particles lose kinetics energy. Temperature decrease.

2.

Exists

in gaseous state. Stronger forces of attraction formed. Gas begins to condense and changes into liquid.

2.

3.

Exists

in both gaseous and liquid state. Temperature remain unchanged; the constant temperature is the boiling point. Energy produced during the formation of forces of attraction is equal to the heat energy released to the surroundings during cooling.
3.

Exists

in liquid state. All the gas particles have condensed into liquid.
4.

3.

Exists

in liquid state. Temperature decreases. The particles lose more kinetic energy and move slower.

4.

Exists

in liquid state. The particles have very little energy and begin to move closer towards one another. Liquid begins to freeze into solid.
4. 5.

Exists

in both liquid and solid state. Temperature remains unchanged; the constant temperature is the freezing point. Stronger forces of attraction formed during freezing releases energy. The energy released is the same as the energy lost to the surroundingd.

5.

All

the liquid freezes into solid. The particles are closely packed in an orderly manner.
5. 6.

Exists

as a solid. Temperature decreases as cooling continues.

1. John Dalton

5. James Chadwick

2. J.J Thomson

HISTORY

4. Neils Bohr

3. Ernest Rutherford

1. John Dalton 2. J.J Thomson 3. Ernest Rutherford 4. Neils Bohr 5. James Chadwick

Atom is imagined as a small, indivisible similar to a very tiny ball.

Atom is described as a sphere of + charge which contains a few -ly charged particles called electrons. + charge (proton) & most of the mass of the atom are concentrated in a small, central region called nucleus. Electrons moves in spherical space outside the nucleus.

Electrons in an atom move in shells around the nucleus.

Neutrons contributes approximately to half the mass of an atom.

Proton - symbol: p - Relative charge: +1 - Relative mass: 1 Nucleus Neutron

- symbol: n
- Relative charge: 0 - Relative mass: 1 Electron - symbol: e - Relative charge: -1 - Relative mass: approximately 0.0005

Atoms of same element with same number of proton but different number of neutrons.

Cobalt-60 Treatment of cancer.

Sodium-24 Detect leaks in pipes carrying gas.

-Cobalt-60 Destroy bacteria in food.

USES
Carbon-14

Phosphorus-32 In fertilizer to study the metabolism of P in plants

Estimate the age of fossil & artefacts

1st shell = 2 electrons 2nd shell = 8 electrons 3rd shell = 8 electrons

Nucleus

Electron Valence Electron

 1st

shell

The nearest to the nucleus. Can hold a max. of 2 electrons & will be filled first.

2nd

shell

Can hold a max. of 8 electrons.

3st

shell.

Can hold a max. of 18 electrons.

Valence

electron = electron of the outermost shell.

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